A patient with severe sepsis starts oozing blood from IV sites and the gums, and bruises appear on the skin. What should the nurse suspect?
ADisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
BNormal bruising from blood tests
CAn allergic reaction to the adhesive tape
DVitamin C deficiency
7.臨床看護学ふつう
急性虚血性脳卒中に対する静注血栓溶解療法は、一般にどの時間内に行われますか?
A24 時間を過ぎてからのみ
B1 週間以内ならいつでも
C発症から 4.5 時間以内
D症状の発症から 48 時間以内
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient has a single hot, swollen, very painful knee and a fever. Why is urgent joint aspiration important?
ATo check for rheumatoid arthritis antibodies in the joint fluid
BTo measure the patient's cholesterol
CTo rule out septic arthritis, which can rapidly destroy the joint
DTo prevent osteoporosis
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A young adult with new diabetes has a very low C-peptide level. What does this suggest?
AThe pancreas is making very little insulin, as in type 1 diabetes
BThe patient has high insulin resistance, as in type 2 diabetes
CThe patient is injecting too much insulin and needs a lower dose
DThe kidneys are excreting all of the patient's insulin in urine
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with C. difficile diarrhea has a white cell count of 24 × 10³/µL and a creatinine that has risen to 2.1 mg/dL (186 µmol/L). What does this indicate?
ASevere C. difficile infection
BSuccessful response to treatment
CMild infection needing no treatment
DUnrelated chronic kidney disease
11.薬理学ふつう
100 mL of an antibiotic is to be given over 30 minutes using a giving set of 20 drops/mL. What is the drip rate?
AAbout 100 drops per minute
BAbout 20 drops per minute
CAbout 67 drops per minute
DAbout 33 drops per minute
12.薬理学むずかしい
Lithium taken in the first trimester of pregnancy has been linked to which type of birth defect?
ACleft lip and palate only
BLimb defects similar to thalidomide
CNeural tube defects such as spina bifida
DHeart malformations, such as Ebstein's anomaly
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Why must intravenous potassium chloride never be given as a rapid push or undiluted?
AA sudden high potassium level can cause cardiac arrest
BIt immediately lowers the blood glucose to dangerous levels
CIt works only when given by mouth
DIt turns into solid crystals inside the vein and blocks it
Why are antiemetics usually given before chemotherapy starts?
AAntiemetics make the chemotherapy work better
BThey stop the chemotherapy from causing hair loss and mouth sores
CPreventing nausea works better than treating it later
DThey cannot be given once nausea has started
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
An immobile patient on opioids drinks very little. Which laxative choice is least appropriate?
AA stool softener with a stimulant laxative
BA bulk-forming laxative used on its own
CA stimulant laxative taken regularly
DAn osmotic laxative such as a macrogol
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Which drug is a known teratogen that must be stopped before a planned pregnancy?
AParacetamol (acetaminophen)
BLevothyroxine
CIsotretinoin
DFolic acid
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman needs an emergency caesarean under general anaesthesia. Why is she given an antacid such as sodium citrate before induction?
ATo prevent nausea after the operation
BTo speed up gastric emptying for surgery
CTo make aspirated stomach contents less acidic
DTo lower her blood pressure before surgery
21.小児看護ふつう
How is amblyopia (lazy eye) commonly treated in young children?
APatching or blurring the stronger eye so the weaker eye works harder
BPatching the weaker eye so that it can rest and recover
CEye exercises alone, without any glasses, drops or patches
DWaiting until adulthood, when surgery can correct it
22.小児看護むずかしい
6 歳児が、扁桃摘出術後の痛みに対してコデインを処方されました。看護師はどうすべきですか?
A誰にも言わずに、粉砕して子どものミルクに混ぜる
Bコデインはすべての子どもで安全なので、投与する
C投与する前に、処方者に指示への疑義を確認する
D弱いオピオイドなので、2 倍量を投与する
23.精神看護ふつう
Which nurse statement is most consistent with motivational interviewing?
A"If you don't stop drinking now, you'll die."
B"You're an alcoholic, and you need to admit it."
C"I've decided that you need to stop drinking completely."
D"What would be different for you if you drank less?"
24.精神看護むずかしい
For the last 3 years a man has had frequent periods of mildly raised mood and periods of low mood. None has been severe enough to count as hypomania or a major depressive episode. Which diagnosis fits best?
ACyclothymic disorder
BMajor depressive disorder
CBipolar II disorder
DBipolar I disorder
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者の身長は 4 ft 8 in です。1 ft = 12 in と 1 in = 2.54 cm を使って、身長 h をセンチメートルで、cm の整数に丸めて求めてください。
4 ft 8 in1 ft = 12 in1 in = 2.54 cm
h = cm
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 体重 100 kg の患者に対する指示は 10 mcg/kg/min です。この投与速度 D を mg/h で表してください。小数第2位に丸めてください。
10 mcg/kg/min100 kg
D = mg/h
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 14 kg の子どもに、5 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 50 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
14 kg5 mg/kg50 mg/mL
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
点滴は 500 mL 中に薬を 25000 単位含みます。指示は 1 時間あたり 2000 単位です。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか?
25000 個/500 mL2000 個/h
R = mL/h
29.点滴速度ふつう
20 滴/mL の輸液セットで 1500 mL を 8 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。 最も近い整数に丸めてください。
1500 mL8 h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
バッグに薬剤 1 g が 500 mL 中に含まれています。指示は 1 分あたり 2 mg です。ポンプを何 mL/h の速度 R に設定しますか?
1 g/500 mL2 mg/min
R = mL/h
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 練習用プロトコルでは、体重 79 kg の患者にヘパリン 80 単位/kg をボーラス投与することになっています。バイアルは 1 000 単位/mL です。何 mL V 吸い上げますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
80 個/kg79 kg1 000 個/mL
V = mL
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 250 mg を 250 mL に溶かしたdobutamineの輸液が 29 mL/h で投与されています。患者の体重は 53 kg です。患者は何 mcg/kg/min の投与量 D を受けていますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
250 mg/250 mL29 mL/h53 kg
D = mcg/kg/min
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。水分出納 B = 摂取量 − 排泄量 を mL で求めてください(負の答えは正味の喪失を意味します)。 氷片は体積の半分として数えます。
答え: D · Two nurses count the apical and radial pulse at the same time for one minute
これが答えになる理由
A pulse deficit is the apical rate minus the radial rate, counted at the same time over a full minute. It shows that some heartbeats are too weak to reach the wrist, as in atrial fibrillation.
答え
D · Two nurses count the apical and radial pulse at the same time for one minute
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Full name and date of birth, checked against the wristband
これが答えになる理由
At least two personal identifiers, such as name, date of birth and hospital number, are checked with the patient and the wristband. Bed and room numbers change and are not identifiers.
答え
D · Full name and date of birth, checked against the wristband
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Below the level of the bladder and off the floor
これが答えになる理由
Keeping the bag below the bladder prevents backflow of urine into the bladder, and keeping it off the floor prevents contamination. Both reduce the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection.
答え
B · Below the level of the bladder and off the floor
答え: A · Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
これが答えになる理由
In DIC, widespread clotting uses up platelets and clotting factors, causing bleeding from many sites. It is a serious complication of sepsis that needs urgent escalation.
答え: C · To rule out septic arthritis, which can rapidly destroy the joint
これが答えになる理由
Septic arthritis can destroy cartilage within days. Aspiration allows microscopy and culture, and helps distinguish infection from crystal arthritis such as gout.
答え
C · To rule out septic arthritis, which can rapidly destroy the joint
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · The pancreas is making very little insulin, as in type 1 diabetes
これが答えになる理由
C-peptide is cleaved from proinsulin when insulin is made, so it reflects the body's own insulin production. A very low level suggests beta-cell loss, as in type 1 diabetes; in type 2 diabetes it is often normal or high early on.確認に用いた資料:C-Peptide Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
A · The pancreas is making very little insulin, as in type 1 diabetes
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Severe C. difficile infection
これが答えになる理由
A white count of 15 × 10³/µL or more or a creatinine above 1.5 mg/dL marks severe C. difficile infection. These patients need prompt treatment, fluid replacement and close monitoring for complications such as toxic megacolon. Contact precautions with soap-and-water hand hygiene are used.
答え
A · Severe C. difficile infection
11.薬理学
答え: C · About 67 drops per minute
これが答えになる理由
100 mL × 20 drops/mL ÷ 30 min = 66.7, so about 67 drops per minute. Gravity infusions are counted for a full minute and checked regularly.
答え
C · About 67 drops per minute
12.薬理学
答え: D · Heart malformations, such as Ebstein's anomaly
これが答えになる理由
First-trimester lithium is associated with a small increased risk of cardiac malformations, classically Ebstein's anomaly. Women of childbearing age need counselling and specialist planning before pregnancy.
答え
D · Heart malformations, such as Ebstein's anomaly
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · A sudden high potassium level can cause cardiac arrest
これが答えになる理由
Rapid or concentrated IV potassium can cause cardiac arrest. It is given diluted, by infusion, at controlled rates (often with a pump and ECG monitoring for higher rates). Concentrated ampoules are tightly controlled in hospitals because of fatal errors.
答え
A · A sudden high potassium level can cause cardiac arrest
答え: D · They increase, because dialysis removes amino acids
これが答えになる理由
Before dialysis, a moderate protein intake may be advised. Dialysis removes amino acids and protein, so needs rise, and malnutrition is a common risk. A renal dietitian sets individual targets.
答え
D · They increase, because dialysis removes amino acids
答え: C · Preventing nausea works better than treating it later
これが答えになる理由
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting is better prevented than treated. Antiemetics are given before treatment and regularly afterwards, according to how emetogenic the regimen is.
答え
C · Preventing nausea works better than treating it later
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · A bulk-forming laxative used on its own
これが答えになる理由
Bulk-forming laxatives need good fluid intake and mobility and can worsen constipation or cause obstruction without them. They do not counter the effect of opioids on gut movement, so stimulant or osmotic laxatives are preferred.
答え
B · A bulk-forming laxative used on its own
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Isotretinoin
これが答えになる理由
Isotretinoin causes severe birth defects, so pregnancy must be prevented during treatment and for a period afterwards. Paracetamol is the usual analgesic in pregnancy, and levothyroxine should be continued.
答え
C · Isotretinoin
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · To make aspirated stomach contents less acidic
これが答えになる理由
Pregnant women are at high risk of aspirating stomach contents under general anaesthesia. Sodium citrate neutralises gastric acid, reducing the severity of lung injury if aspiration happens.
答え
C · To make aspirated stomach contents less acidic
21.小児看護
答え: A · Patching or blurring the stronger eye so the weaker eye works harder
これが答えになる理由
Treatment includes glasses if needed and patching or atropine drops in the stronger eye, forcing the brain to use the weaker eye. It works best when started early, while the visual system is still developing.
答え
A · Patching or blurring the stronger eye so the weaker eye works harder
答え: D · "What would be different for you if you drank less?"
これが答えになる理由
Motivational interviewing uses open questions that invite the person to explore their own reasons for change. Labelling, threats and directives tend to increase resistance.
答え
D · "What would be different for you if you drank less?"
24.精神看護
答え: A · Cyclothymic disorder
これが答えになる理由
Cyclothymic disorder involves at least 2 years (1 year in young people) of many hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet full criteria for hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
答え
A · Cyclothymic disorder
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: h = 142 cm
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
インチでの身長
4·12 + 8 = 56 in
インチからセンチメートルへ
h = 56·2.54 = 142.2 ≈ 142 cm
答え
h = 142 cm
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: D = 60 mg/h
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 10 mcg/kg/min × 100 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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