A patient's blood pressure is much higher than in all previous readings. What is the best first step?
ARecord it and give an extra dose of the blood pressure tablet
BRecheck it, making sure the technique and cuff size are correct
CTell the patient they are having a stroke
DIgnore it, as it must be a machine error
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
Which feature suggests that a sore area is a moisture lesion rather than a pressure ulcer?
AA deep wound with straight edges over the hip
BA dark area of necrotic tissue over the heel
CDiffuse, irregular redness in a skin fold, not over a bone
DA circular area of damage directly over the sacral bone
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
滅菌野を準備している最中に、看護師が質問に答えるためそこから背を向けました。正しいのはどれですか?
A看護師に近い物だけを交換すればよい
Bその間誰も触れていないので、滅菌野は滅菌のままである
C滅菌野は汚染されたとみなされ、準備し直す必要がある
D後でカバーをすれば使用できる
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
During bedside handoff, the patient says, “I’m allergic to sulfa drugs,” but no allergy is recorded. What should the nurse do?
AIgnore it, because the electronic record is more reliable than the patient’s memory
BWait until the patient is discharged to update the record
CClarify the reaction, update the allergy record and tell the prescriber
DTell the patient that sulfa drugs are always safe
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient is receiving a blood transfusion. Which task can the nurse delegate to a nursing assistant?
AStarting the transfusion once the blood arrives
BDeciding whether to stop the transfusion if the patient has chills
CMeasuring and reporting vital signs at the times set by the nurse
DAssessing the patient for signs of a transfusion reaction
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient has a chest drain for a pneumothorax. The nurse sees constant bubbling in the water-seal chamber. What does this most likely mean?
AAn air leak in the patient or the system that needs checking
BThe suction is set too low and needs to be turned up
CThe lung has fully re-expanded, so the drain is ready to come out
DThe drain is working normally and no action is needed
7.臨床看護学ふつう
ACE 阻害薬を開始した患者に持続する空咳が出ました。考えられる原因は?
AACE 阻害薬の既知の副作用
Bβ遮断薬による喘息
C最近投与したペニシリンへのアレルギー反応
D肺塞栓症
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
濃縮塩化カリウムを急速静注してはいけないのはなぜですか?
A致死的な不整脈を起こし得るから
B速く入れると効かないから
C静脈内で結晶化して、カニューレを詰まらせるから
Dすぐに腎不全を起こすから
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
Why is a blood β-hydroxybutyrate level often preferred to a urine ketone dipstick in DKA?
AIt measures the main ketone in DKA, and the dipstick may miss it
BIt is the only test that can measure glucose and ketones together
CThe urine dipstick only detects ketones in people without diabetes
DIt shows the average ketone level over the past three months
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with right upper abdominal pain from gallstones now has jaundice, a total bilirubin of 4.8 mg/dL (82 µmol/L) and a raised ALP. What is the most likely cause?
AHemolysis caused by the gallstones
BUncomplicated gallbladder inflammation
CGilbert syndrome triggered by pain
DA stone blocking the common bile duct
11.薬理学ふつう
アピキサバンとリバーロキサバンは、何を直接阻害する抗凝固薬ですか?
Aトロンビン
B血小板の P2Y12 受容体
C第 Xa 因子
Dビタミン K エポキシド還元酵素
12.薬理学むずかしい
A baby born to a mother on methadone becomes irritable on day 2, with a high-pitched cry, tremors, sneezing and poor feeding. What is the most likely cause?
ANeonatal hypoglycaemia from maternal diabetes
BNormal newborn behaviour
CVitamin K deficiency bleeding
DNeonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient on furosemide has a serum potassium of 3.0 mmol/L (3.0 mEq/L). Which symptoms may this cause?
AFacial flushing, fever and a skin rash
BTingling around the lips and painful spasm of the hands
CMuscle weakness, cramps and an irregular pulse
DSevere headache and a stiff neck
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient with lung cancer develops swelling of the face and arms, distended neck and chest veins and breathlessness that is worse when bending forward. What is the most likely cause?
Which task for a stable patient with an established ileostomy can usually be delegated to a trained healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
AEmptying the pouch and measuring the output
BAssessing the stoma for signs of necrosis
CDeciding whether IV fluids are needed
DTeaching the patient about high-output risks
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient on warfarin has a major upper GI bleed with an INR of 5. Which treatment should the nurse anticipate to reverse the warfarin?
AOral aspirin to balance the clotting system quickly
BProthrombin complex concentrate with IV vitamin K
CMore warfarin to stabilise the INR
DProtamine sulfate on its own
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
コントロール不良の妊娠糖尿病と関連する新生児の合併症はどれですか?
Aほとんどの場合、発育不全を伴う非常に小さな赤ちゃん
B新生児の Rh 型不適合
C先天性風疹
D巨大児と分娩外傷
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
After birth of the head, the nurse feels the umbilical cord loosely around the baby's neck. What is the appropriate action?
AClamp and cut the cord before the shoulders deliver in every case
BAsk the woman to stop pushing for 30 minutes
CPush the baby's head back into the vagina
DSlip the loop over the head or let the body deliver through it
21.小児看護ふつう
When is the best time to tell a 2-year-old about an upcoming procedure?
AJust before it happens, in simple, concrete words
BAbout a week before, so there is time to get used to it
CNot at all, to avoid upsetting the child beforehand
DThe day before, with a detailed explanation
22.小児看護むずかしい
A 5-year-old insists that a tall, thin glass holds more juice than a short, wide glass, although he saw the same amount poured into each. What explains this?
AHe is showing abstract reasoning typical of the formal operational stage
BHe has not yet developed conservation, which is typical of the preoperational stage
CHe has a visual problem and needs an eye examination
DIt is a sign of intellectual disability that needs assessment
23.精神看護ふつう
An agitated patient has not responded to verbal de-escalation. A PRN medicine is prescribed. What is the most appropriate step?
AGive an intramuscular injection at once without offering any choice
BHide the medicine in his drink without telling him
COffer the oral medicine first, before considering an injection
DPlace him in seclusion and then decide about medicine later
24.精神看護むずかしい
A patient says, "My boss didn't say hello this morning, so she must think I'm useless." Which cognitive distortion is shown, and what is a helpful nursing response?
AAll-or-nothing thinking; agree that the boss is being unfair
BMind reading; ask what other reasons there might be for the boss's behaviour
CCatastrophising; tell the patient that she will definitely not be fired
DPersonalisation; advise the patient to ask for a new manager
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 投与が 1:55 AM と記録されています。24時間表記で同じ時刻の記載はどれですか。クリックしてください。
1:55 AM
101:55
202:55
300:55
413:55
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴が 21:35 に始まり、翌朝の 04:20 に終了しました(24時間表記)。何時間 t 続きましたか。答えは時間の小数で、小数第2位に丸めてください。
21:3504:20
t = h
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 32 kg の子どもに、15 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 50 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
答え: B · Recheck it, making sure the technique and cuff size are correct
これが答えになる理由
Unexpected findings are validated before action. If the repeat reading is still high, the nurse assesses for symptoms and reports it.
答え
B · Recheck it, making sure the technique and cuff size are correct
2.基礎看護学
答え: C · Diffuse, irregular redness in a skin fold, not over a bone
これが答えになる理由
Moisture lesions are usually superficial, diffuse and irregular, often in the natal cleft or skin folds. Pressure ulcers are typically over bony prominences and may have necrotic tissue.
答え
C · Diffuse, irregular redness in a skin fold, not over a bone
答え: C · Clarify the reaction, update the allergy record and tell the prescriber
これが答えになる理由
Bedside handoff lets patients correct errors. The nurse asks about the reaction, updates the record and alerts the prescriber and pharmacy so current and future orders can be checked.
答え
C · Clarify the reaction, update the allergy record and tell the prescriber
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Measuring and reporting vital signs at the times set by the nurse
これが答えになる理由
An assistant can measure vital signs and report them. Assessing for a reaction, starting the transfusion and deciding to stop it need the nurse’s judgement.
答え
C · Measuring and reporting vital signs at the times set by the nurse
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · An air leak in the patient or the system that needs checking
これが答えになる理由
Continuous bubbling in the water-seal chamber signals an air leak. The nurse checks the connections from the patient to the drain and reports a leak that cannot be fixed.
答え
A · An air leak in the patient or the system that needs checking
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · ACE 阻害薬の既知の副作用
これが答えになる理由
空咳はラミプリルなどの ACE 阻害薬のよくある副作用です。アンジオテンシン II 受容体拮抗薬に切り替えることがよくあります。
答え: A · It measures the main ketone in DKA, and the dipstick may miss it
これが答えになる理由
In DKA, β-hydroxybutyrate is the main ketone, but most urine dipsticks detect acetoacetate, so they can underestimate ketosis. Blood β-hydroxybutyrate gives a current value that is also useful to monitor recovery.
答え
A · It measures the main ketone in DKA, and the dipstick may miss it
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · A stone blocking the common bile duct
これが答えになる理由
A gallstone in the common bile duct (choledocholithiasis) obstructs bile flow, raising conjugated bilirubin and ALP. Fever with jaundice and pain suggests cholangitis, an emergency. Simple cholecystitis usually causes only mild liver test changes.
答え
D · A stone blocking the common bile duct
11.薬理学
答え: C · 第 Xa 因子
これが答えになる理由
アピキサバンとリバーロキサバンは直接第 Xa 因子阻害薬です。ダビガトランはトロンビンを直接阻害し、ワルファリンはビタミン K の再利用を遮断し、クロピドグレルは P2Y12 を遮断します。
答え
C · 第 Xa 因子
12.薬理学
答え: D · Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome
これが答えになる理由
After birth the baby no longer receives opioid from the mother and develops withdrawal. Assessment uses a scoring tool, with non-drug care first and opioid treatment if signs are severe.
答え
D · Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Muscle weakness, cramps and an irregular pulse
これが答えになる理由
The adult reference range is about 3.5–5.0 mmol/L, so 3.0 mmol/L is low. Hypokalaemia causes weakness, cramps, constipation and arrhythmias, with flattened T waves and U waves on the ECG. Tingling lips and hand spasm suggest low calcium.
答え
C · Muscle weakness, cramps and an irregular pulse
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Superior vena cava obstruction
これが答えになる理由
A tumour in the mediastinum can compress the superior vena cava, causing swelling of the face, neck and arms, dilated veins on the chest and breathlessness. It is an oncological emergency. The patient is sat upright and given oxygen if hypoxic, and treatment may include a stent, steroids or radiotherapy.
答え: A · Emptying the pouch and measuring the output
これが答えになる理由
Emptying and measuring output is a routine task. Assessment of the stoma, teaching and decisions about treatment remain with the registered nurse, who reviews the recorded output.
答え
A · Emptying the pouch and measuring the output
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Prothrombin complex concentrate with IV vitamin K
これが答えになる理由
Major bleeding on warfarin is treated by stopping it and giving prothrombin complex concentrate for rapid reversal with IV vitamin K for a lasting effect. Protamine reverses heparin, not warfarin.
答え
B · Prothrombin complex concentrate with IV vitamin K
答え: D · Slip the loop over the head or let the body deliver through it
これが答えになる理由
A loose nuchal cord can usually be slipped over the head or the baby can be born through it (somersault manoeuvre). Clamping and cutting before birth is reserved for a tight cord that prevents delivery.
答え
D · Slip the loop over the head or let the body deliver through it
21.小児看護
答え: A · Just before it happens, in simple, concrete words
これが答えになる理由
Toddlers do not understand future time, so preparation long in advance only creates anxiety. A short, honest explanation immediately before, with a parent present and a comfort object, works best.
答え
A · Just before it happens, in simple, concrete words
22.小児看護
答え: B · He has not yet developed conservation, which is typical of the preoperational stage
これが答えになる理由
Preoperational children focus on one feature, such as height, and cannot yet understand that the amount stays the same when the shape changes. Conservation develops in the concrete operational stage, from about 7 years.
答え
B · He has not yet developed conservation, which is typical of the preoperational stage
23.精神看護
答え: C · Offer the oral medicine first, before considering an injection
これが答えになる理由
Offering oral medication respects choice and is less restrictive than an injection. Covert administration is only lawful in specific, documented circumstances, not as a routine approach.
答え
C · Offer the oral medicine first, before considering an injection
24.精神看護
答え: B · Mind reading; ask what other reasons there might be for the boss's behaviour
これが答えになる理由
Mind reading is assuming others' thoughts without evidence. Exploring alternative explanations, such as the boss being busy, helps the patient test the thought and reduce distress.
答え
B · Mind reading; ask what other reasons there might be for the boss's behaviour
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
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