A patient wants to keep taking St John's wort, a herbal remedy, while in hospital. Why should the nurse tell the prescriber?
AHerbal remedies are always banned in hospital
BIt must be swapped for a prescribed antidepressant at once
CIt interacts with many medicines and can reduce their effect
DIt has no effects, so it is a waste of time
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
薬のバイアルと注射器の取り扱いで、安全な実践はどれですか?
A新しい針を付ければ、注射器を再使用する
B洗い流せば、同じ注射器を2人の患者に使う
C後で使うために、バイアルのゴム栓に針を刺したままにする
Dバイアルに針を刺すたびに、新しい滅菌済みの針と注射器を使う
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
抗がん剤の入ったバッグが漏れて床にこぼれました。最初の対応は何ですか?
A乾くまで放置し、勤務の終わりに片付ける
Bペーパータオルと素手ですばやく拭き取る
C清掃員にいつものモップで拭いてもらう
Dスピルキットの防護具を着用し、こぼれた薬液を封じ込める
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A patient with diabetes is unresponsive and has a blood glucose of 40 mg/dL (2.2 mmol/L). What should the nurse do first?
AGive IV dextrose or glucagon as prescribed
BPour orange juice into the patient’s mouth
CGive the scheduled dose of insulin
DWait 15 minutes and recheck the glucose
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient in labor is receiving oxytocin, and the fetal monitor shows repeated late decelerations. What should the nurse do first?
APlace the patient flat on her back
BStop the oxytocin infusion
CEncourage the patient to start pushing
DIncrease the oxytocin rate
7.臨床看護学ふつう
患者の NEWS2 スコアが 7 に上がりました。適切な対応は?
A12 時間ごとの観察を続ける
B鎮静薬を与えて後で再確認する
C集中治療の技能を持つ臨床チームによる緊急評価
Dスコアを記録し、観察を増やして、朝の回診を待つ
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
トリアージで最初に診るべき患者は?
A2 日前からのどが痛い患者
Bピーナッツを食べたあと呼吸音が大きく、唇が腫れている患者
C足首の捻挫で軽い腫れのある患者
D処方の継続を希望する患者
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient is scheduled for a liver biopsy. Which laboratory results should the nurse check before the procedure?
ASerum sodium and chloride
BHbA1c and lipid panel
CPlatelet count and PT/INR
DTSH and free T4
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
Which patient should the nurse assess first?
AHeart failure with a BNP lower than the result on admission
BChest pain with troponin rising from the first to the second sample
CStable angina with a total cholesterol of 245 mg/dL (6.3 mmol/L)
DHypertension with a potassium of 3.6 mEq/L on a thiazide
11.薬理学ふつう
Why is aspirin avoided in children and teenagers with viral illnesses such as flu or chickenpox?
AIt causes grey baby syndrome
BIt causes severe, permanent hearing loss in young children
CIt stops the vaccine from working
DIt is linked to Reye's syndrome, which harms the liver and brain
12.薬理学むずかしい
Why is adenosine used with caution in patients with asthma?
AIt causes severe hypertension in asthma
BIt can cause bronchospasm
CIt reduces the effect of inhaled steroids
DIt is broken down too slowly in asthma
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Why is a shock for cardioversion synchronised with the QRS complex?
ATo avoid delivering the shock during the T wave
BTo keep the pads from burning the skin
CTo allow the use of a lower battery charge
DTo make the shock less painful for the patient
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient on a morphine PCA after surgery is very drowsy, with a respiratory rate of 7/min and pinpoint pupils. SpO₂ is 89%. What should the nurse do first?
ALeave the patient to sleep and recheck the observations in an hour
BEncourage the patient to keep pressing the PCA button for comfort
CGive a sedative to keep the patient comfortable
DStop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Why might a patient taking a beta-blocker not notice a hypoglycaemic episode?
ABeta-blockers block the effect of all diabetes medicines
BBeta-blockers raise blood glucose, so hypos cannot happen
CBeta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
DBeta-blockers make the patient sleep through every hypo
答え: C · It interacts with many medicines and can reduce their effect
これが答えになる理由
St John's wort induces liver enzymes and can lower levels of drugs such as warfarin and the contraceptive pill. All herbal and over-the-counter products are recorded and reviewed.
答え
C · It interacts with many medicines and can reduce their effect
答え: A · Give IV dextrose or glucagon as prescribed
これが答えになる理由
An unconscious patient must not be given anything by mouth because of aspiration risk. IV dextrose or glucagon raises the glucose quickly.
答え
A · Give IV dextrose or glucagon as prescribed
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Stop the oxytocin infusion
これが答えになる理由
Late decelerations point to reduced blood flow through the placenta. Stopping oxytocin reduces contractions; the nurse then turns the patient onto her side, gives IV fluids as prescribed and informs the provider.
Liver biopsy carries a risk of bleeding, and liver disease often lowers platelets and clotting factors. Platelets and PT/INR are checked beforehand, and abnormal results are reported so they can be corrected or the procedure postponed.
答え
C · Platelet count and PT/INR
10.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Chest pain with troponin rising from the first to the second sample
これが答えになる理由
A rising troponin with chest pain indicates acute myocardial injury, possibly infarction, which needs urgent assessment and treatment. High cholesterol is a long-term risk, a falling BNP shows improvement, and a potassium of 3.6 mEq/L is normal.
答え
B · Chest pain with troponin rising from the first to the second sample
11.薬理学
答え: D · It is linked to Reye's syndrome, which harms the liver and brain
これが答えになる理由
Aspirin given during viral infections in young people is associated with Reye's syndrome, causing acute encephalopathy and liver failure. Paracetamol or ibuprofen is used for fever instead.
答え
D · It is linked to Reye's syndrome, which harms the liver and brain
12.薬理学
答え: B · It can cause bronchospasm
これが答えになる理由
Adenosine can trigger bronchospasm in people with asthma or COPD. Other treatment options, such as verapamil, may be chosen.
答え
B · It can cause bronchospasm
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · To avoid delivering the shock during the T wave
これが答えになる理由
A shock delivered on the T wave (the vulnerable period) can trigger ventricular fibrillation. Synchronisation times the shock to the R wave. In ventricular fibrillation there is no organised QRS, so defibrillation is unsynchronised.
答え
A · To avoid delivering the shock during the T wave
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · Stop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
これが答えになる理由
Sedation and slow breathing are warning signs of opioid toxicity. The nurse stops the opioid, stimulates the patient, opens the airway, gives oxygen, calls for help and gives naloxone per protocol. Naloxone is short-acting, so the patient is monitored for recurrence.
答え
D · Stop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Beta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
これが答えになる理由
Beta-blockers blunt adrenergic warning symptoms such as palpitations and tremor. Sweating is often preserved. Patients should check their glucose when they feel unwell, rather than relying on symptoms alone.
答え
C · Beta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
答え: A · Regular light to moderate activity, such as walking
これが答えになる理由
Exercise, matched to ability, reduces cancer-related fatigue. Pacing, prioritising activities, sleep routines and treating causes such as anaemia or depression also help.
答え
A · Regular light to moderate activity, such as walking
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Hypoglycaemia if insulin continues without the feed
これが答えになる理由
When feed stops but insulin continues, blood glucose can fall sharply. The insulin plan is reviewed with the team, glucose is checked frequently, and a glucose infusion may be needed.
答え
B · Hypoglycaemia if insulin continues without the feed
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Babinski reflex
これが答えになる理由
The Babinski reflex, fanning of the toes with dorsiflexion of the big toe, is normal in infants until about 1 year. Pressing the sole near the toes gives the plantar grasp instead.
答え
B · Babinski reflex
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Birth within the next 1 to 2 weeks is unlikely
これが答えになる理由
Fetal fibronectin is a protein that binds the membranes to the uterine lining. A negative result has a high negative predictive value, meaning birth within 7 to 14 days is unlikely; a positive result is less predictive.
答え
B · Birth within the next 1 to 2 weeks is unlikely
21.小児看護
答え: D · Dehydration, infection, cold and low oxygen
これが答えになる理由
Low oxygen, dehydration, acidosis, cold, infection and stress promote sickling and blocked blood vessels. Families are taught to keep the child well hydrated and warm and to seek help early with fever or pain.
答え
D · Dehydration, infection, cold and low oxygen
22.小児看護
答え: A · Preconventional level
これが答えになる理由
At the preconventional level, typical of young children, right and wrong are judged by punishment and reward. Formal operational is one of Piaget's cognitive stages, not a Kohlberg level.
答え: D · "What are your thoughts about the options you have?"
これが答えになる理由
Asking the patient to explore her own options supports problem-solving and autonomy. Giving an opinion, or passing the question on, takes the decision away from her.
答え
D · "What are your thoughts about the options you have?"
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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