How should a nurse speak to a patient with hearing loss?
ASpeak very fast to keep the message short
BCover the mouth to stop background noise
CFace the patient and speak clearly at a normal pace
DShout loudly from behind the patient so they can hear every word
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
Which postoperative finding should be reported most urgently?
APain score of 4/10 at the wound site when moving
BRespiratory rate 8/min and difficult to rouse
CUrine output of 50 mL in the last hour
DTemperature 37.4 °C on the first day
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
An adult with hepatitis A is incontinent of stool. Which precautions are used?
AA protective environment with filtered air
BAirborne precautions in a negative-pressure room with the door closed
CDroplet precautions with a surgical mask
DContact precautions in addition to standard precautions
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient was harmed by a medication error and asks the nurse what happened. Which approach is best?
ABe honest that an error occurred and involve the provider and team in disclosure per policy
BTell the patient to make a formal complaint to find out
CTell the patient nothing happened to avoid worry
DBlame the pharmacy for the error so that the nurse and the ward are not at fault
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
患者に突然の鼻出血があり、意識は清明で、正常に呼吸しています。看護師が最初にすることは何ですか?
A頭を後ろに傾けて、首の後ろに氷を当てる
B患者を座らせて前かがみにし、鼻の柔らかい部分をつまむ
C患者を仰向けに平らに寝かせ、膝の下に枕を入れる
D凝血を除くために、強く鼻をかむよう頼む
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
The charge nurse overhears four instructions from an RN to a nursing assistant. Which one needs to be corrected?
A“Walk him to the bathroom and back, and stay with him the whole time.”
B“Help him wash and change, and tell me at once if you see any red or broken skin.”
C“Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”
D“Check his glucose before lunch and tell me the number straight away.”
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which advice is important for a patient on long-term oral corticosteroids?
ADouble the dose if a dose is missed
BTake them only when symptoms flare
CTake them on an empty stomach at night
DDo not stop them suddenly
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient's hypoglycaemia was caused by a sulfonylurea such as gliclazide or glipizide. Why might they need monitoring for longer than usual?
AThe drug makes glucose tablets and drinks ineffective
BSulfonylureas only work at night
CSulfonylureas act for a long time, so hypoglycaemia can recur
DThe drug causes rebound hyperglycaemia later the same day
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
In the third trimester of pregnancy, a woman's alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is about twice the usual adult range, and the other liver tests are normal. What is the best interpretation?
AA sign of new bone cancer
BA sign of blocked bile ducts
CA sign of acute viral hepatitis
DA normal rise from placental ALP
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient on high-dose dexamethasone has a white cell count of 15 × 10³/µL, mostly mature neutrophils with no bands. They have no fever and no signs of infection. What is the most likely explanation?
ACertain sepsis that needs antibiotics started without delay
BA new leukemia that is confirmed by this result alone
CA steroid effect that moves neutrophils into the circulating blood
DA laboratory error, because steroids always lower the white count
11.薬理学ふつう
When should a patient take a once-daily proton pump inhibitor such as omeprazole?
AWith a glass of milk at bedtime, when acid output is highest
BOnly when heartburn is severe
CStraight after a large evening meal
DAbout 30–60 minutes before the first meal of the day
12.薬理学むずかしい
A toddler swallowed many of his mother's iron tablets. He has vomiting and bloody diarrhoea. Which drug may be used to bind iron?
AAcetylcysteine
BDeferoxamine (desferrioxamine)
CActivated charcoal given by mouth
DNaloxone
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Which ECG pattern is typical of acute pericarditis?
ATall peaked T waves with a wide QRS
BWidespread saddle-shaped ST elevation with PR depression
CA sawtooth baseline with a regular ventricular rate
DST elevation only in leads II, III and aVF with Q waves
Why may a person with long-standing diabetes have a heart attack without typical chest pain?
AInsulin acts as a strong painkiller
BHigh glucose protects the heart from pain
CNerve damage can blunt the pain signals
DPeople with diabetes do not have heart attacks
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with a head injury now has a blood pressure of 190/70 mmHg, a pulse of 48/min and irregular breathing. How should the nurse interpret this?
ANeurogenic shock from a spinal cord injury
BA normal stress response to pain, anxiety and the noise of the ward
CHypovolaemic shock from internal bleeding
DCushing's triad, a late sign of raised intracranial pressure
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which risk is particularly linked with tramadol?
ASerotonin syndrome with some antidepressants, and seizures
BRapid liver failure at normal doses
CSevere stomach ulcers in all patients
DHigh blood pressure that needs emergency treatment in most patients
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
After surgery, a patient keeps asking for analgesia before it is due, watches the clock and rates pain 8/10. What is the most appropriate interpretation?
AThe patient is exaggerating, so the pain scores should be ignored for now
BThe patient needs only distraction and no change in drugs
CThe patient is addicted and should have analgesia withheld
DPain may be undertreated; reassess and ask for a review of the plan
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
Why is it important to do newborn bloodspot screening at the recommended time rather than in the first hours?
AEarlier testing always gives false negatives for all conditions
BSome results, such as PKU, need milk feeds first
CThe heel cannot be pricked until the cord falls off
DThe baby's blood cannot be sampled before day 3
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
Which postpartum task can be delegated to an assistive staff member (healthcare assistant)?
AEvaluating a woman for signs of postpartum depression
BTeaching a first-time mother about breastfeeding
CAssessing the fundus of a woman with heavy bleeding
DTaking vital signs of a stable woman
21.小児看護ふつう
When is the best time to tell a 2-year-old about an upcoming procedure?
AThe day before, with a detailed explanation
BNot at all, to avoid upsetting the child beforehand
CJust before it happens, in simple, concrete words
DAbout a week before, so there is time to get used to it
22.小児看護むずかしい
鎌状赤血球症の 6 歳児の体温が 39.0 °C です。これが緊急として扱われるのはなぜですか?
A緊急ではなく、すべての子どもで発熱はよくあるため
B発熱は鎌状化発作が始まったことを意味し、損傷した赤血球を補うため、ただちに輸血が必要なため
C鎌状赤血球症の子どもは脾機能が低下しており、重篤な細菌感染症のリスクが高いため
D発熱は、すべての疼痛発作の正常な始まりであるため
23.精神看護ふつう
A 7-year-old with autism is admitted to a children's ward. Which nursing action is most helpful?
AChange his daily routine often, to help him get used to change
BAvoid his parents' advice, because staff know best how to care for him
CKeep to his usual routines where possible and prepare him for any changes
DPut him in a busy bay with lots of noise and activity to keep him stimulated
24.精神看護むずかしい
An older patient receiving haloperidol for agitation has an episode of fainting and palpitations. Which test does the nurse expect to be ordered first?
AA serum lithium level
BAn ECG to look for a prolonged QT interval
CA white blood cell count with differential
DA liver function test
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 滴下速度の計算結果は 84.815 gtt/min です。 この練習問題のルールは「滴下速度は、最も近い整数の滴数に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
84.815 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 処方箋に、経口懸濁液 12時間ごと を 1 tsp、5 日間と書かれています。1 tsp = 5 mL を用いて、全期間に必要な mL V はいくつですか。
1 tsp12時間ごと5 日1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
27.投与量の計算ふつう
バイアルに粉末 1 g が入っています。ラベルには「注射用水 9.6 mL を加えると全量 10 mL になる」とあります。処方は 200 mg です。溶解した溶液を何 mL V 投与しますか?
1 g+ 9.6 mL → 10 mL200 mg
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
20%(w/v)の原液から 0.5%(w/v)の溶液を 200 mL 調製する必要があります。 原液は何 mL V₁ 必要ですか?
C₁ = 20%C₂ = 0.5%V₂ = 200 mL
V₁ = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
15 滴/mL の輸液セットで 500 mL を 10 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。 最も近い整数に丸めてください。
500 mL10 h15 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
バッグに薬剤 4 g が 1000 mL 中に含まれています。指示は 1 分あたり 2 mg です。ポンプを何 mL/h の速度 R に設定しますか?
4 g/1000 mL2 mg/min
R = mL/h
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 速効型インスリン 250 単位を 250 mL に溶かした輸液が 10 mL/h で投与されています。患者は 1 時間あたり何単位 D 受けていますか?
250 個/250 mL10 mL/h
D = 個/h
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 バッグには dobutamine 250 mg が 250 mL 中に含まれています。体重 91 kg の患者に 7.5 mcg/kg/min の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
250 mg/250 mL7.5 mcg/kg/min91 kg
R = mL/h
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 12 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。患者の体重は 103 kg です。平均尿量 U を mL/kg/h で求めてください。 小数第 2 位まで四捨五入してください。
103 kg12 h尿: 275 mL尿: 275 mL創部ドレーン: 60 mL
U = mL/kg/h
34.輸液と水分出納むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 1000 mL の輸液を 11:30 に 120 mL/h で開始します。2 時間後に流量を 60 mL/h に変更し、その後は変更しません。開始から何時間後 t にバッグは空になりますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
答え: C · Face the patient and speak clearly at a normal pace
これが答えになる理由
Facing the patient in good light, reducing background noise and speaking clearly, without shouting, helps understanding. Hearing aids should be in and working.
答え
C · Face the patient and speak clearly at a normal pace
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · Respiratory rate 8/min and difficult to rouse
これが答えになる理由
A low respiratory rate with reduced consciousness may mean opioid toxicity or deterioration and threatens the airway. The other findings are common after surgery and can be managed routinely.
答え
B · Respiratory rate 8/min and difficult to rouse
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Contact precautions in addition to standard precautions
これが答えになる理由
Hepatitis A spreads through fecal contamination. For a patient who is incontinent or in diapers, contact precautions are added to standard precautions to prevent spread on hands and surfaces.
答え
D · Contact precautions in addition to standard precautions
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Be honest that an error occurred and involve the provider and team in disclosure per policy
これが答えになる理由
Open, honest disclosure of errors is an ethical duty and part of a safety culture. The nurse follows policy, which usually involves the provider and risk team, and does not hide or blame.
答え
A · Be honest that an error occurred and involve the provider and team in disclosure per policy
答え: C · “Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”
これが答えになる理由
Giving insulin is medication administration and needs a licensed nurse. Measuring glucose, hygiene and supervised walking are suitable tasks with clear reporting instructions.
答え
C · “Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Do not stop them suddenly
これが答えになる理由
Long-term steroids suppress the adrenal glands, so stopping suddenly can cause adrenal crisis. Patients should carry a steroid alert card or medical ID and follow sick-day guidance.
答え
D · Do not stop them suddenly
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Sulfonylureas act for a long time, so hypoglycaemia can recur
これが答えになる理由
Sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release and have a long duration of action. Hypoglycaemia can be prolonged or recur, so glucose is monitored closely after treatment.
答え
C · Sulfonylureas act for a long time, so hypoglycaemia can recur
9.検査値と電解質
答え: D · A normal rise from placental ALP
これが答えになる理由
The placenta produces ALP, so serum ALP normally rises in late pregnancy. With normal bilirubin, ALT and AST, this is expected. Symptoms such as severe itching or raised bile acids would need further review.確認に用いた資料:Alkaline Phosphatase · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
D · A normal rise from placental ALP
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · A steroid effect that moves neutrophils into the circulating blood
これが答えになる理由
Corticosteroids raise the neutrophil count by releasing marginated neutrophils and slowing their exit from the blood, usually without a left shift. The nurse still assesses carefully, because steroids can also hide the usual signs of infection.
答え
C · A steroid effect that moves neutrophils into the circulating blood
11.薬理学
答え: D · About 30–60 minutes before the first meal of the day
これが答えになる理由
Proton pump inhibitors block pumps that are active, so they work best when taken before breakfast. Food then activates the pumps when the drug level is high.
答え
D · About 30–60 minutes before the first meal of the day
12.薬理学
答え: B · Deferoxamine (desferrioxamine)
これが答えになる理由
Iron poisoning can cause GI bleeding, shock, metabolic acidosis and liver failure. Deferoxamine chelates iron and is used in serious poisoning; activated charcoal does not bind iron.
答え
B · Deferoxamine (desferrioxamine)
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Widespread saddle-shaped ST elevation with PR depression
これが答えになる理由
Pericarditis often causes concave ST elevation across many leads and PR segment depression, because the inflammation is not limited to one coronary territory. Localised ST elevation with reciprocal changes suggests STEMI. Pericarditis is usually treated with NSAIDs and colchicine.
答え
B · Widespread saddle-shaped ST elevation with PR depression
Autonomic neuropathy can make a myocardial infarction "silent" or atypical, with breathlessness, fatigue, nausea or sweating rather than chest pain. A low threshold for an ECG is needed.
答え
C · Nerve damage can blunt the pain signals
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Cushing's triad, a late sign of raised intracranial pressure
これが答えになる理由
Cushing's triad is hypertension with a widening pulse pressure, bradycardia and irregular respiration. It shows that the brainstem is being compressed and herniation may be imminent, so it is an emergency.
答え
D · Cushing's triad, a late sign of raised intracranial pressure
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Serotonin syndrome with some antidepressants, and seizures
これが答えになる理由
Tramadol is a weak opioid that also inhibits serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake. It can lower the seizure threshold and cause serotonin syndrome with SSRIs and other serotonergic drugs.
答え
A · Serotonin syndrome with some antidepressants, and seizures
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Pain may be undertreated; reassess and ask for a review of the plan
これが答えになる理由
Clock-watching often reflects inadequate analgesia. The nurse reassesses pain and function, considers multimodal options, and asks the prescriber to review the plan rather than labelling the patient.
答え
D · Pain may be undertreated; reassess and ask for a review of the plan
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · Some results, such as PKU, need milk feeds first
これが答えになる理由
Phenylalanine builds up only after the baby has had milk feeds, so very early samples can miss PKU. Programmes specify timing, and early samples may need repeating.
答え
B · Some results, such as PKU, need milk feeds first
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Taking vital signs of a stable woman
これが答えになる理由
Routine vital signs for a stable patient can be delegated, with the nurse interpreting results. Assessment, teaching and evaluation of unstable patients are nursing responsibilities.
答え
D · Taking vital signs of a stable woman
21.小児看護
答え: C · Just before it happens, in simple, concrete words
これが答えになる理由
Toddlers do not understand future time, so preparation long in advance only creates anxiety. A short, honest explanation immediately before, with a parent present and a comfort object, works best.
答え
C · Just before it happens, in simple, concrete words
答え: C · Keep to his usual routines where possible and prepare him for any changes
これが答えになる理由
Predictability reduces distress. Nurses keep routines, use clear and concrete language, reduce sensory stimulation, use visual supports and work closely with the parents, who know the child best.
答え
C · Keep to his usual routines where possible and prepare him for any changes
24.精神看護
答え: B · An ECG to look for a prolonged QT interval
これが答えになる理由
Haloperidol and several other antipsychotics can prolong the QT interval, which increases the risk of dangerous ventricular arrhythmias. Fainting and palpitations need an ECG and a check of potassium and magnesium.
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1 回あたりの容量
1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
全投与期間
V = 5 mL × 2/日 × 5 = 50 mL
答え
V = 50 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 2 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
混合後の濃度
1000 mg/10 mL = 100 mg/mL
体積
V = 200/100 = 2 mL
答え
V = 2 mL
28.投与量の計算
答え: V₁ = 5 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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