A patient on disulfiram becomes flushed, nauseated and has palpitations after using a mouthwash. What is the most likely cause?
ALow blood glucose from skipping breakfast
BAn allergy to mint flavouring in the mouthwash
CAlcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction
DDisulfiram toxicity from taking too many tablets by mistake
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
How does digoxin help a patient with atrial fibrillation and heart failure?
AIt speeds conduction through the AV node to the ventricles
BIt slows AV node conduction and increases contractility
CIt dissolves clots that have formed in the left atrium
DIt lowers potassium to stabilise the heart
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient on a morphine PCA after surgery is very drowsy, with a respiratory rate of 7/min and pinpoint pupils. SpO₂ is 89%. What should the nurse do first?
AGive a sedative to keep the patient comfortable
BLeave the patient to sleep and recheck the observations in an hour
CStop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
DEncourage the patient to keep pressing the PCA button for comfort
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Which side effects are common with oxybutynin for an overactive bladder?
ADiarrhoea and heavy sweating
BDry mouth and constipation
CA cough and a raised potassium
DWeight loss and a fast tremor
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
Which task for a patient with a urinary catheter can the nurse delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
AEmptying the drainage bag and recording the volume
BTeaching self-catheterisation for the first time
CAssessing a patient whose irrigation is not draining
DDeciding whether the catheter can be removed
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why are many patients screened for MRSA before planned surgery?
ASo that surgery can be cancelled for all positive patients
BTo decide which anaesthetic drug to use
CTo check whether the patient has had a flu vaccine
DSo that carriers can be decolonised to reduce infection
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
Which medicine commonly needs enteral feeds paused before and after each dose because the feed reduces its absorption?
Ageing blunts thirst and reduces body water and the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine. Older patients often need to be offered and helped with drinks.
答え
A · Their sense of thirst is often reduced
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · Not use the tube and follow policy, which may mean a chest X-ray
これが答えになる理由
A low pH supports gastric placement (1–5.5 in UK guidance; 5 or below is typical in US guidance). A pH of 7 does not rule out the lungs, so nothing is put down the tube until position is confirmed, usually by X-ray. The "whoosh" air test is unreliable.
答え
A · Not use the tube and follow policy, which may mean a chest X-ray
答え: D · Weaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time
これが答えになる理由
Reason’s Swiss cheese model shows that each safety layer, such as prescribing, dispensing, checking and scanning, has weaknesses. Harm happens when the holes in several layers line up, so safety improvement focuses on strengthening the system.
答え
D · Weaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time
Blood proteins digested in the upper GI tract are absorbed and converted to urea, so urea rises out of proportion to creatinine. Urea is part of the Glasgow-Blatchford bleeding score.
答え: C · High fat in the sample may interfere with some test results
これが答えになる理由
Lipemia makes serum cloudy and can interfere with several laboratory methods, giving inaccurate results. The test may need to be repeated, often after a fast, according to laboratory advice.
答え
C · High fat in the sample may interfere with some test results
答え: C · Alcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction
これが答えになる理由
Disulfiram reactions can occur with small amounts of alcohol in mouthwash, cough syrups, sauces or aftershave. Patients are taught to check labels and avoid all alcohol-containing products.
答え
C · Alcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · It slows AV node conduction and increases contractility
これが答えになる理由
Digoxin inhibits the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, raising intracellular calcium and contractility, and increases vagal tone, slowing AV conduction and the ventricular rate. It controls symptoms but does not reduce stroke risk, so anticoagulation is still needed in AF.
答え
B · It slows AV node conduction and increases contractility
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Stop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
これが答えになる理由
Sedation and slow breathing are warning signs of opioid toxicity. The nurse stops the opioid, stimulates the patient, opens the airway, gives oxygen, calls for help and gives naloxone per protocol. Naloxone is short-acting, so the patient is monitored for recurrence.
答え
C · Stop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Dry mouth and constipation
これが答えになる理由
Oxybutynin blocks muscarinic receptors, causing dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, urinary retention and, especially in older adults, confusion. Newer agents may have fewer effects on the brain.
答え
B · Dry mouth and constipation
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Emptying the drainage bag and recording the volume
これが答えになる理由
Emptying and recording urine volume is routine and can be delegated to trained staff. Decisions about removal, assessment of a possible blockage and first-time teaching need the registered nurse.
答え
A · Emptying the drainage bag and recording the volume
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · So that carriers can be decolonised to reduce infection
これが答えになる理由
MRSA carriers have a higher risk of surgical site infection. Screening allows decolonisation with nasal ointment and skin washes, and the right antibiotic prophylaxis.
答え
D · So that carriers can be decolonised to reduce infection
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Phenytoin
これが答えになる理由
Enteral feeds bind phenytoin and lower its levels, risking seizures. Feeds are usually paused around doses, as advised by the pharmacist, and drug levels are monitored.
3 段階分類では、細変動の消失に反復する遅発または変動一過性徐脈を伴う場合、または徐脈を伴う場合はカテゴリー III です。ただちに子宮内蘇生を開始し、チームを呼び、パターンが改善しなければ急速遂娩とします。
答え
B · カテゴリー III:異常なトレースで、速やかな介入と急速遂娩への準備が必要
21.小児看護
答え: D · Refer the baby to an eye specialist
これが答えになる理由
An occasional squint is common in the first months, but a constant squint, or any squint after about 4–6 months, needs specialist assessment. Without treatment, the brain may suppress the image from the turning eye, causing amblyopia.
答え
D · Refer the baby to an eye specialist
22.小児看護
答え: D · An isotonic crystalloid such as 0.9% sodium chloride
これが答えになる理由
Isotonic crystalloids such as 0.9% sodium chloride or balanced solutions are used for boluses because they expand intravascular volume. Hypotonic fluids such as 5% glucose move into cells and can cause hyponatraemia and brain swelling.
答え
D · An isotonic crystalloid such as 0.9% sodium chloride
23.精神看護
答え: C · Young children often do not yet see death as permanent, so simple, honest words help
これが答えになる理由
Preschool children often see death as temporary or reversible. Clear, simple language, such as "her body stopped working", and avoiding phrases like "gone to sleep" help the child understand.
答え
C · Young children often do not yet see death as permanent, so simple, honest words help
24.精神看護
答え: A · Support a gradual, planned return to school with a consistent goodbye routine
これが答えになる理由
Long-term avoidance strengthens anxiety. A gradual, planned return, short and predictable goodbyes, praise for brave behaviour and cooperation between parents and school, often with CBT, help the child cope.
答え
A · Support a gradual, planned return to school with a consistent goodbye routine
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: h = 130 cm
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
濃度
20000/1000 = 20 個/mL
ポンプ流量
R = 1000/20 = 50 mL/h
答え
R = 50 mL/h
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 120 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
流量(mL/h)
60·60/60 = 60 mL/h
体積
V = 60·2 = 120 mL
答え
V = 120 mL
30.点滴速度
答え: Δ = 8 %
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
2:1 房室ブロック:QRS 1 つに P 波が 2 つあるとき、伝導した P 波が連続しないので、伝導されなかった P 波の前で PR が延びるか(I 型)、一定か(II 型)を判断できません。1 枚の波形からは 2:1 房室ブロックと呼びます。型は、より長い波形や伝導比の変化で決まります。QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、どちらも決め手にはなりません。
5つのステップ
1. 心拍数:R–R = 小さいマス目 38 個、1500 ÷ 38 ≈ 39 回/分。
2. リズム:整。すべての R–R は 1.52 秒です。
3. P波:陽性で整(P–P 0.76 秒、79 回/分)。QRS 1つにつき2個あります。
4. PR 間隔:伝導された拍では 0.18 秒で一定です。
5. QRS:0.08 秒で幅が狭い(0.12 秒未満)。
型が決まらない理由
2 つに 1 つの P 波が伝導されないので、伝導した拍動が連続せず、PR の延長を確認できません。
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
答え
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、決め手になるのは、より長い波形か伝導比の変化だけです。
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