A goal states: "The patient will report pain of 3/10 or less within one hour of analgesia." After one hour the patient reports 6/10. What should the nurse do?
AWait until the next day to evaluate again
BChange the goal to 6/10 or less so that it counts as met
CRecord the goal as not met and review the plan
DRecord the goal as met, as the pain has gone down
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
ある患者の酸素飽和度の目標は 88~92% です。この低めの目標を最もよく説明する病態は?
A慢性肺疾患のない、もともと健康な患者の肺炎
B高二酸化炭素血症のリスクがある COPD
C一酸化炭素中毒
D若年成人の喘息発作
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
活動性の肺結核患者が放射線科へ行く必要があります。どのように搬送しますか?
A手袋とガウンを着用すれば、マスクは不要
BフィットテストをしていないN95マスクを着用してもらう
C廊下は換気がよく短いので、マスクなしで行く
Dサージカルマスクを着用してもらい、事前に放射線科へ連絡する
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A chemical cloud has been released near the hospital, and authorities order “shelter in place”. What should staff do?
AKeep everyone inside, close windows and doors and shut off outside air intake
BSend all visitors home through the main entrance
CEvacuate all patients into the car park at once
DOpen the windows to let fresh air into the wards and dilute the chemical
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A nasogastric tube has just been placed for feeding. What must happen before the first feed is given?
APlacement is confirmed by an approved method
BThe feed is started slowly to see if the patient coughs
CThe tube is flushed with a large volume of water
DThe patient is asked if the tube feels comfortable
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A nurse must care for a patient with a radioactive implant. Which approach best limits the nurse’s exposure?
ASpend longer in the room each time but visit less often during the shift
BStand close to the patient to finish care faster
CLimit time in the room, keep as far away as possible and use shielding
DWear a surgical mask to block the radiation
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Why are patients encouraged to use an incentive spirometer after abdominal surgery?
ATo measure their lung function so the result can go in the discharge letter
BTo strengthen the abdominal muscles around the wound
CTo encourage deep breaths that prevent atelectasis and chest infection
DTo lower their heart rate before mobilising
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
Which drug group is first-line for a prolonged convulsive seizure?
AOpioids, such as morphine or diamorphine, given intravenously
BAntihistamines, such as chlorphenamine
CBenzodiazepines, such as buccal midazolam or IV lorazepam
DBeta-blockers, such as bisoprolol or atenolol
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
肝不全の患者が、ワルファリンを服用していないのに INR が上昇することがあるのはなぜですか?
Aアルブミンは凝固因子であり、その値が低下する
B肝臓が大半の凝固因子を作るため、産生が低下する
C腎臓が、血液中から凝固因子を排除しなくなる
Dビリルビンが、凝固因子を直接破壊する
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient on clozapine reports a sore throat and fever. The ANC is 400/µL (0.4 × 10⁹/L). What should the nurse do?
AHold the clozapine and report the result at once
BHalve the dose and give it with a throat lozenge
CGive the dose with food to protect the stomach
DGive the next dose and recheck the ANC next month
11.薬理学ふつう
Why is hypovolaemia corrected with IV fluids before or while starting a vasopressor?
AVasopressors cannot keep perfusion up if the circulation is under-filled
BVasopressors cause the patient to retain too much fluid
CFluids stop the vasopressor causing a fever
DVasopressors only work when they are diluted in large fluid volumes
Hours after surgery to restore blood flow to an ischaemic leg, the patient has severe calf pain that is worse when the toes are moved passively, and the calf feels tense. What should the nurse suspect?
ACramp from lying still in bed
BCompartment syndrome from reperfusion swelling
CExpected postoperative pain from the leg wound
DA superficial thrombophlebitis of the long saphenous vein
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A bladder scan straight after voiding shows 450 mL of urine still in the bladder. What does this show?
AThe bladder is not emptying properly
BThe patient has drunk too little fluid
CThe kidneys are making too little urine
DThe patient is passing urine normally
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with CKD has a potassium of 6.5 mmol/L. Which medicine combination is the most likely contributor?
AParacetamol (acetaminophen), omeprazole and senna
BAmlodipine, simvastatin and aspirin
CRamipril, spironolactone and trimethoprim
DFurosemide, salbutamol and insulin
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which statement about corticosteroids in inflammatory bowel disease is correct?
AThey cure the disease after one course
BThey are given only as a one-off injection
CThey are the best long-term maintenance treatment
DThey are used to induce remission, not for maintenance
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A 76-year-old with a past peptic ulcer needs long-term anti-inflammatory treatment for arthritis. Which plan best reduces GI bleeding risk?
AUse the highest NSAID dose to shorten the course
BConsider an alternative; if an NSAID is needed, add a PPI
CCombine two different NSAIDs at lower doses
DTake the NSAID with a glass of milk instead of food
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
「リアクティブ」なノンストレステストとは何ですか?
A基線心拍数が 160 bpm を超える
Bすべての陣痛に遅発一過性徐脈を伴う
C40 分以内に胎児心拍数の一過性頻脈がない
D20 分以内に胎児心拍数の一過性頻脈が 2 回以上ある
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
Which statement by a woman being discharged after birth shows a need for further teaching?
A"I should call if my bleeding gets heavier or smells bad."
B"I can use tampons for the bleeding as soon as I get home."
C"I should change my pads regularly and wash my hands."
D"I should report a painful, swollen calf straight away."
21.小児看護ふつう
Why is the Lund and Browder chart preferred over the adult "rule of nines" for estimating burn size in children?
AIt counts the number of blisters on the body
BIt adjusts for the larger head and smaller legs of young children
CIt is mainly used for small burns of the hands, feet and face in children
DIt measures the depth of the burn rather than its area
22.小児看護むずかしい
The safe dose range of a drug is 25–50 mg/kg per day, divided every 8 hours. A 12 kg child is prescribed 250 mg every 8 hours. What should the nurse do?
AGive the dose, because 250 mg is within the range for a single dose
BGive the dose, because the minimum safe daily dose is 300 mg
CGive half the dose and inform the prescriber at the next round
DContact the prescriber, because 750 mg a day is above the maximum of 600 mg
A 10-year-old eats only a few foods and refuses others because he fears choking after a frightening episode. He is losing weight but has no concerns about body shape. Which diagnosis fits best?
答え: C · Record the goal as not met and review the plan
これが答えになる理由
Evaluation compares the outcome with the goal. The goal was not met, so the nurse reassesses, reports and revises the plan, for example with a different analgesic.
答え
C · Record the goal as not met and review the plan
答え: A · Keep everyone inside, close windows and doors and shut off outside air intake
これが答えになる理由
Sheltering in place keeps people inside, away from the hazard. Windows and doors are closed and ventilation systems that bring in outside air are shut off until the all-clear.
答え
A · Keep everyone inside, close windows and doors and shut off outside air intake
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Placement is confirmed by an approved method
これが答えになる理由
A newly placed feeding tube can enter the airway without obvious symptoms, so placement is confirmed before anything is given. Methods differ: US practice usually requires an X-ray for a new feeding tube, while UK guidance uses aspirate pH testing (5.5 or below) first, with X-ray if that fails. Air “whoosh” tests and waiting for coughing are not reliable.
答え
A · Placement is confirmed by an approved method
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Limit time in the room, keep as far away as possible and use shielding
これが答えになる理由
Radiation exposure falls with less time, more distance and shielding. Care is planned to be efficient, and a surgical mask does not protect against radiation.
答え
C · Limit time in the room, keep as far away as possible and use shielding
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · To encourage deep breaths that prevent atelectasis and chest infection
これが答えになる理由
Shallow breathing after surgery lets alveoli collapse, causing atelectasis and pneumonia. Deep-breathing exercises with an incentive spirometer help keep the lungs expanded.
答え
C · To encourage deep breaths that prevent atelectasis and chest infection
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Benzodiazepines, such as buccal midazolam or IV lorazepam
これが答えになる理由
Benzodiazepines enhance GABA and are first-line for seizures lasting over five minutes. If seizures continue, second-line antiepileptic drugs are given and senior help is needed.
答え
C · Benzodiazepines, such as buccal midazolam or IV lorazepam
9.検査値と電解質
答え: B · 肝臓が大半の凝固因子を作るため、産生が低下する
これが答えになる理由
肝臓は、ビタミン K 依存性のものを含め、大半の凝固因子を作ります。重度の肝疾患ではその産生が低下するため、INR が上昇します。INR の上昇は、肝不全の重症度を示すマーカーの 1 つです。確認に用いた資料:Prothrombin Time Test and INR (PT/INR) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
B · 肝臓が大半の凝固因子を作るため、産生が低下する
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Hold the clozapine and report the result at once
これが答えになる理由
An ANC below 500/µL is severe neutropenia, and with fever and sore throat it suggests a serious infection. Clozapine is held, the provider is told immediately, and infection is assessed and treated. A nurse never changes a dose without a prescription.
答え
A · Hold the clozapine and report the result at once
11.薬理学
答え: A · Vasopressors cannot keep perfusion up if the circulation is under-filled
これが答えになる理由
Vasoconstriction without adequate volume reduces organ blood flow and can cause ischaemia. Fluid resuscitation restores preload, and vasopressors are then used for persistent hypotension.
答え
A · Vasopressors cannot keep perfusion up if the circulation is under-filled
答え: B · Compartment syndrome from reperfusion swelling
これが答えになる理由
When blood flow returns to ischaemic muscle, swelling can raise pressure in a fascial compartment. Pain out of proportion and pain on passive stretch are early signs; pulses may remain until late. It is reported urgently, as fasciotomy may be needed. The limb is kept at heart level, not raised high.
答え
B · Compartment syndrome from reperfusion swelling
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · The bladder is not emptying properly
これが答えになる理由
A large post-void residual means incomplete emptying, for example from obstruction or a weak detrusor. It raises the risk of infection and overflow incontinence and may need intermittent catheterisation or treatment of the cause.
答え
A · The bladder is not emptying properly
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Ramipril, spironolactone and trimethoprim
これが答えになる理由
ACE inhibitors and spironolactone reduce aldosterone effect, and trimethoprim blocks potassium secretion in the distal tubule. Together, in CKD, they can cause dangerous hyperkalaemia. Loop diuretics, salbutamol and insulin lower potassium.
答え
C · Ramipril, spironolactone and trimethoprim
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · They are used to induce remission, not for maintenance
これが答えになる理由
Steroids settle flares but are not effective or safe for maintenance because of side effects such as osteoporosis, diabetes and infection. Drugs such as aminosalicylates, immunomodulators or biologics maintain remission.
答え
D · They are used to induce remission, not for maintenance
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Consider an alternative; if an NSAID is needed, add a PPI
これが答えになる理由
Older age and a previous ulcer greatly increase NSAID-related bleeding. Safer options are considered first; if an NSAID is needed, the lowest effective dose for the shortest time is used with gastroprotection such as a PPI.
答え
B · Consider an alternative; if an NSAID is needed, add a PPI
答え: B · "I can use tampons for the bleeding as soon as I get home."
これが答えになる理由
Tampons are avoided until lochia has stopped and the postnatal check is done, because they increase the risk of infection. The other statements are correct.
答え
B · "I can use tampons for the bleeding as soon as I get home."
21.小児看護
答え: B · It adjusts for the larger head and smaller legs of young children
これが答えになる理由
In young children the head makes up a larger share and the legs a smaller share of body surface area than in adults. The Lund and Browder chart adjusts for age, giving a more accurate estimate to guide fluid treatment.
答え
B · It adjusts for the larger head and smaller legs of young children
22.小児看護
答え: D · Contact the prescriber, because 750 mg a day is above the maximum of 600 mg
これが答えになる理由
Safe range = 12 × 25 to 12 × 50 = 300–600 mg/day. Prescribed = 250 × 3 = 750 mg/day, which is above the maximum. The nurse withholds the dose and clarifies with the prescriber, never adjusting it alone.
答え
D · Contact the prescriber, because 750 mg a day is above the maximum of 600 mg
答え: B · Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)
これが答えになる理由
ARFID involves avoiding or restricting food because of sensory features, lack of interest or fear of consequences such as choking, leading to weight loss or nutritional problems. Unlike anorexia, there is no disturbance in body image.
答え
B · Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: h = 135 cm
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
インチでの身長
4·12 + 5 = 53 in
インチからセンチメートルへ
h = 53·2.54 = 134.6 ≈ 135 cm
答え
h = 135 cm
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: D = 200 mcg/min
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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