A patient has just died. What should the nurse find out before starting last offices?
AThe patient's favourite food
BWhether the patient's bills had all been paid
CThe patient's blood group
DThe family's religious and cultural wishes
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A potassium result is unexpectedly high and the lab reports that the sample was haemolysed. What does this mean?
AThe patient definitely has dangerous hyperkalaemia needing treatment
BThe result is accurate and needs no follow-up
CThe patient definitely has low potassium
DThe result may be falsely high and the test should be repeated
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
In the US (EPA/OSHA) hazmat system, which level of PPE gives the highest level of protection?
ALevel B
BLevel D
CLevel A
DLevel C
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse discovers that an insulin infusion was programmed using the wrong drug concentration in the pump library. What should the nurse do first?
AStop the infusion and check the patient’s blood glucose
BLeave it running and check the glucose at the next routine time
CReprogram the pump and finish the shift before reporting
DDouble the rate to correct for the error
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
患者に突然の鼻出血があり、意識は清明で、正常に呼吸しています。看護師が最初にすることは何ですか?
A患者を座らせて前かがみにし、鼻の柔らかい部分をつまむ
B凝血を除くために、強く鼻をかむよう頼む
C頭を後ろに傾けて、首の後ろに氷を当てる
D患者を仰向けに平らに寝かせ、膝の下に枕を入れる
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A nurse teaches a patient to inject enoxaparin at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will rub the area after the injection to help it absorb.”
B“I will change the injection site each time.”
C“I will inject into the fat of my abdomen, away from the navel.”
D“I will tell my doctor if I notice unusual bruising or bleeding.”
7.臨床看護学ふつう
What is the main benefit of pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with COPD?
ANo further need for inhalers
BA cure for the disease within months
CBetter exercise capacity and quality of life
DReversal of the lung damage caused by smoking
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient is admitted with suspected meningococcal disease. Which infection control measure is usually needed?
ANo precautions, because it is not contagious
BDroplet precautions until 24 hours of effective antibiotics have been given
CIsolation only after the patient has gone home
DAirborne precautions with a negative-pressure room for the whole hospital stay
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient has weight loss, tremor and heat intolerance. Which thyroid test pattern fits Graves disease?
AHigh TSH with a normal free T4
BHigh TSH with a low free T4
CLow TSH with a high free T4
DNormal TSH with a low free T4
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with advanced chronic kidney disease has a mildly raised troponin that has stayed the same on several tests over months. There is no chest pain and the ECG is unchanged. What is the best interpretation?
AA laboratory error, because troponin is never raised in kidney disease
BA sign of skeletal muscle injury, because troponin comes from all muscles
CA chronic stable rise; infarction needs a rising or falling pattern
DProof of an acute myocardial infarction that needs emergency treatment now
11.薬理学ふつう
How should a patient take oral alendronate?
AWith milk at bedtime, then lying down straight away to aid absorption
BCrushed into yoghurt with calcium supplements
CWith breakfast and coffee to protect the stomach
DWith plain water on an empty stomach, staying upright for 30 minutes
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient on disulfiram becomes flushed, nauseated and has palpitations after using a mouthwash. What is the most likely cause?
AAn allergy to mint flavouring in the mouthwash
BDisulfiram toxicity from taking too many tablets by mistake
CAlcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction
DLow blood glucose from skipping breakfast
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient with heart failure is comfortable at rest but becomes breathless walking across a room. Which NYHA class fits best?
AClass III
BClass IV
CClass II
DClass I
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
The stump of a recent below-knee amputation suddenly bleeds heavily through the dressing. What should the nurse do first?
AApply firm direct pressure and call for urgent surgical help
BApply a warm compress to the stump
CEncourage the patient to walk on crutches to ease the pressure
DRemove all the dressings and wait for the bleeding to stop by itself
答え: D · The family's religious and cultural wishes
これが答えになる理由
Some faiths have specific rules, for example about who may touch or wash the body and how soon burial should happen. Asking first respects the person and the family.
答え
D · The family's religious and cultural wishes
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · The result may be falsely high and the test should be repeated
これが答えになる理由
Red cells contain a lot of potassium, so haemolysis during collection can falsely raise the result. The sample is repeated, with the patient assessed in the meantime.
答え
D · The result may be falsely high and the test should be repeated
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Level A
これが答えになる理由
Level A is a fully encapsulating, vapor-tight suit with self-contained breathing apparatus, used for unknown or highly toxic agents. Level D is ordinary work clothing with minimal protection.
答え
C · Level A
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Stop the infusion and check the patient’s blood glucose
これが答えになる理由
A concentration error means the dose delivered was wrong. The nurse stops the infusion, assesses the patient including blood glucose, treats as needed, notifies the prescriber and reports the event.
答え
A · Stop the infusion and check the patient’s blood glucose
答え: A · “I will rub the area after the injection to help it absorb.”
これが答えになる理由
Rubbing the site after a low-molecular-weight heparin injection increases bruising. The abdomen away from the navel, rotating sites and reporting bleeding are correct.
答え
A · “I will rub the area after the injection to help it absorb.”
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · Better exercise capacity and quality of life
これが答えになる理由
Pulmonary rehabilitation improves breathlessness, exercise tolerance and well-being, and reduces hospital admissions. It does not reverse the underlying lung damage.
答え
C · Better exercise capacity and quality of life
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · Droplet precautions until 24 hours of effective antibiotics have been given
これが答えになる理由
Neisseria meningitidis spreads through droplets and close contact. Droplet precautions are used until 24 hours of effective antibiotics, and public health arranges prophylaxis for close contacts.
答え
B · Droplet precautions until 24 hours of effective antibiotics have been given
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Low TSH with a high free T4
これが答えになる理由
In Graves disease, antibodies stimulate the thyroid to make too much hormone. The high free T4 suppresses TSH from the pituitary through negative feedback, so TSH is low. A high TSH with a low T4 fits primary hypothyroidism.確認に用いた資料:TSH test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Thyroxine (T4) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Graves disease · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
C · Low TSH with a high free T4
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · A chronic stable rise; infarction needs a rising or falling pattern
これが答えになる理由
Troponin is often chronically raised in CKD and other conditions. Acute infarction is diagnosed by a rise and/or fall in troponin together with symptoms or ECG changes, so serial results are compared with the patient's baseline.確認に用いた資料:Troponin Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答え
C · A chronic stable rise; infarction needs a rising or falling pattern
11.薬理学
答え: D · With plain water on an empty stomach, staying upright for 30 minutes
これが答えになる理由
Alendronate is taken first thing in the morning with water only, before food or other drugs. Staying upright reduces the risk of oesophageal ulceration, and food or calcium blocks its absorption.
答え
D · With plain water on an empty stomach, staying upright for 30 minutes
12.薬理学
答え: C · Alcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction
これが答えになる理由
Disulfiram reactions can occur with small amounts of alcohol in mouthwash, cough syrups, sauces or aftershave. Patients are taught to check labels and avoid all alcohol-containing products.
答え
C · Alcohol in the mouthwash caused a disulfiram–alcohol reaction
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Class III
これが答えになる理由
NYHA class I has no limitation, class II slight limitation with ordinary activity, class III marked limitation with less than ordinary activity but comfortable at rest, and class IV symptoms at rest. The class guides treatment and prognosis.
答え
A · Class III
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Apply firm direct pressure and call for urgent surgical help
これが答えになる理由
Haemorrhage from a stump needs immediate direct pressure, elevation if appropriate, and urgent surgical help. A tourniquet should be available as policy directs. Vital signs are monitored for shock.
答え
A · Apply firm direct pressure and call for urgent surgical help
答え: A · A baby of a GBS-positive mother with no antibiotics
これが答えになる理由
GBS colonisation, no intrapartum antibiotics, prolonged rupture of membranes, maternal fever and prematurity increase the risk. Intrapartum IV antibiotics greatly lower early-onset GBS disease.
答え
A · A baby of a GBS-positive mother with no antibiotics
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: B · It is abnormal and needs prompt review
これが答えになる理由
A score of 8 to 10 is normal, 6 is equivocal, and 4 or less is abnormal and suggests fetal hypoxia. At term, a low score usually leads to prompt review and consideration of birth.
答え
B · It is abnormal and needs prompt review
21.小児看護
答え: C · Count the apical pulse for a full minute and check it against the prescribed limits
これが答えになる理由
Digoxin slows the heart rate and has a narrow therapeutic range. The apical pulse is counted for a full minute before each dose, and the dose is withheld and reported if the rate is below the limit set by the prescriber or local policy.
答え
C · Count the apical pulse for a full minute and check it against the prescribed limits
22.小児看護
答え: D · Stop punishing him, praise dry nights and consider a bedwetting alarm
これが答えになる理由
Nocturnal enuresis is common and not deliberate; punishment worsens it. Support, reward systems for agreed behaviours, enuresis alarms and sometimes desmopressin are effective, along with normal daytime drinking and regular toileting.
答え
D · Stop punishing him, praise dry nights and consider a bedwetting alarm
23.精神看護
答え: A · At the same time, on the same scale, in a gown, after emptying the bladder
これが答えになる理由
Standardised weighing gives reliable trends. Patients may drink large amounts of water or hide objects to increase their weight, so consistent conditions and a gown are used.
答え
A · At the same time, on the same scale, in a gown, after emptying the bladder
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
換算の連鎖を立てる
D = 2.5 mcg/kg/min × 60 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
計算する
D = 2.5·60·60/1000 = 9 mg/h
答え
D = 9 mg/h
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 152.2 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
投与量
D = 75·2.03 = 152.2 mg
答え
D = 152.2 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 12.5 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
体重 (kg)
55/2.2 = 25 kg
投与量
5·25 = 125 mg
体積
V = (125/10)·1 = 12.5 mL
答え
V = 12.5 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 162.5 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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