A patient has patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). A family member presses the button while the patient sleeps. What should the nurse explain?
AThe pump will always stop any overdose
BFamily can press it as long as they count the presses
COnly the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe
DPressing it while the patient sleeps prevents the pain from getting worse later
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
Ten minutes into a red blood cell transfusion, the patient reports chills and low back pain and has a new fever. What should the nurse do first?
AStop the transfusion
BSlow the transfusion and recheck vital signs in 15 minutes
CGive an antipyretic and continue the transfusion
DCall the blood bank and let the transfusion continue
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
Which action by a nursing assistant needs the nurse to step in?
APutting the call light within the patient’s reach
BLowering the bed to its lowest position and locking the wheels after care
CTaking an oral temperature just after the patient drank cold water
DCleaning hands before entering the room
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
An older patient has bruises of different ages and seems frightened when a relative visits. What is the nurse’s priority?
AIgnore it, because older people bruise easily
BAsk the relative directly in front of the patient whether they hit her
CTell the patient she must leave home and go to live somewhere else
DEnsure the patient’s safety, document the findings and report as required
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which drug is first-line in an acute asthma attack?
AA long-acting inhaled corticosteroid, used alone at a higher dose
BAn oral beta-blocker
CAn oral antihistamine such as cetirizine taken every few hours
DA nebulised or inhaled short-acting beta2-agonist (salbutamol/albuterol)
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
髄膜炎が疑われる患者に発熱、項部硬直、消退しない発疹があります。優先すべきことは?
A治療を始める前に腰椎穿刺の結果を待つ
B照明を落として休ませ、4 時間後にバイタルサインを再確認する
C至急の診察と、検査を待たない即時の抗菌薬投与
D熱にアセトアミノフェンを与えて明日診察する
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
高カルシウム血症に合致する所見の組み合わせはどれですか?
A尖った T 波と筋力低下のみ
B便秘、疲労、錯乱、腎結石
C唯一のサインとしての、非常に薄い尿を伴う口渇
Dテタニー、筋肉のこむら返り、陽性のクボステック徴候
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
The nurse prepares a patient for a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test tomorrow morning. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I can have a light breakfast before the test"
B"I'll fast overnight but can drink plain water"
C"I'll avoid smoking until the test is over"
D"I'll stay seated during the test if I can"
11.薬理学ふつう
A patient with insulin-treated diabetes is found unconscious with very low blood glucose. There is no IV access. Which drug can a trained helper give?
AOral glucose gel poured into the mouth
BIntramuscular adrenaline
CRapid-acting insulin under the skin
DGlucagon by injection or nasal spray
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient develops a dry cough on an ACE inhibitor and is switched to losartan. Why is losartan less likely to cause cough?
AIt is excreted faster by the kidney
BIt also acts as a bronchodilator
CIt blocks histamine receptors in the airways
DIt does not block the breakdown of bradykinin
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
長時間のフライト中や手術後のDVT予防に役立つ助言はどれですか?
A膝のすぐ下をきつい伸縮バンドで締める
Bトイレに立たなくてすむよう、飲む量を減らす
C楽なように脚を組んで座る
D足首の運動を定期的に行い、十分に水分をとる
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
After six weeks of treatment for tuberculosis, a patient has nausea, dark urine and yellow eyes. What should the nurse do?
AAdvise taking the tablets with an alcoholic drink to settle the stomach
BReassure the patient that the urine colour is due to rifampicin
CWithhold the next doses and report urgently for liver tests
DDouble the isoniazid dose to clear the infection faster
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient is due a rapid-acting insulin dose before lunch, but the meal trays are delayed. What should the nurse do?
AGive the insulin now and the meal when it comes
BWait to give the insulin until the meal arrives
COmit the dose entirely for the rest of the day
DGive the insulin with a glass of water instead
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
During a water deprivation test for suspected diabetes insipidus, the patient loses more than 3% of body weight and becomes hypotensive. What should the nurse do?
AContinue the test, because this result is expected
BGive desmopressin without a prescription
CStop the test and inform the doctor
DGive the patient a large drink and then restart the test
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
After laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a patient has pain in the right shoulder. What is the most likely cause?
AA dislocated shoulder from patient positioning
BGas used during surgery irritating the diaphragm
CA heart attack during the operation
DAn allergy to the dressing on the wound
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
乳がんの患者が、錯乱、口渇、便秘、多尿を起こしました。どの腫瘍学的緊急事態を考えるべきですか?
A上大静脈閉塞
B腫瘍崩壊症候群
C悪性腫瘍に伴う高カルシウム血症
D低血糖
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman has a positive home pregnancy test. How is this sign classified?
AA probable sign of pregnancy
BA positive sign of pregnancy
CA presumptive sign of pregnancy
DA diagnostic sign of pregnancy
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
新生児を保温し、拭き、刺激したあとも無呼吸のままです。次のステップは何ですか?
A何かする前に、5 分後のアプガースコアを待って評価する
Bすぐに胸骨圧迫を開始する
C赤ちゃんを逆さにして背中を叩く
Dバッグ・マスクで陽圧換気を開始する
21.小児看護ふつう
A breastfed infant has gastroenteritis with mild dehydration. What should the nurse advise?
AGive diluted fruit juice instead of breast milk
BStop breastfeeding until the diarrhoea has completely stopped, then restart slowly
CContinue breastfeeding, and give oral rehydration solution as advised
DGive nothing by mouth for 24 hours
22.小児看護むずかしい
The nurse has taught the family of a 7-year-old with coeliac disease. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"He can eat normal bread at weekends if he's strict in the week."
B"We will use a separate toaster for his gluten-free bread."
C"We will check food labels for wheat, barley and rye."
D"Plain rice and potatoes are fine for him."
23.精神看護ふつう
How does conduct disorder differ from oppositional defiant disorder?
AThe two disorders are exactly the same and differ only in the age at which they are diagnosed
BOppositional defiant disorder includes serious physical aggression towards animals
CConduct disorder involves only arguing with adults and losing one's temper
DConduct disorder involves violating others' rights, such as cruelty, theft or fire setting
24.精神看護むずかしい
On the day after hip surgery, a 58-year-old patient has a new tremor, sweating, anxiety and a fast pulse. He did not report any alcohol use on admission. What should the nurse do?
AAssume he has post-operative pain and give extra analgesia only
BAsk him and his family about his alcohol use and the time of his last drink, and report the findings
CTell him that his symptoms are normal after hip surgery
DWait until the next day to see if the symptoms go away on their own once his pain is better controlled
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 滴下速度の計算結果は 49.705 gtt/min です。 この練習問題のルールは「滴下速度は、最も近い整数の滴数に丸める」です。記録する値 x はいくつですか。
49.705 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者が1勤務帯の間に 4 tbsp / 液体サプリメント, 2 tsp / 咳止めシロップ, ¼ カップ / お茶, ½ fl oz / ジュース を摂取しました。与えられた換算値を使って、経口摂取量の合計 V を mL で求めてください。
1 tbsp = 15 mL1 tsp = 5 mL1 カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL
V = mL
27.投与量の計算ふつう
アドレナリン(エピネフリン)のアンプルに 1:1000(1 mg/mL)と表示されています。指示はアナフィラキシーに対する 0.3 mg の筋注(IM)です。吸い上げる量 V はいくらですか?
1:10000.3 mg
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
処方は 2350 単位で、薬は 5000 単位/mL で供給されます。1 mL の注射器に用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
2350 units5000 units/mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
点滴が 15 滴/mL のセットで 50 滴/分で落ちています。患者は 8 時間に何ミリリットル V 受け取りますか?
50 gtt/min15 gtt/mL8 h
V = mL
30.点滴速度むずかしい
バッグは 250 mL 中に薬を 100 mg 含み、8 mL/h で投与されています。患者が受け取るのは 1 時間あたり何 mg D ですか?
100 mg/250 mL8 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 練習用プロトコルでは、体重 83 kg の患者にヘパリン 80 単位/kg をボーラス投与することになっています。バイアルは 5 000 単位/mL です。何 mL V 吸い上げますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
80 個/kg83 kg5 000 個/mL
V = mL
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 体重 92 kg の患者に、nitroglycerinを 30 mcg/min で投与する指示が出ています。バッグには 250 mL 中に 50 mg が含まれています。ポンプの流量 R を mL/h で求めてください。 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
50 mg/250 mL30 mcg/min92 kg
R = mL/h
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。総摂取量 I を mL で求めてください。 氷片は体積の半分として数えます。
C. difficile が疑われる場合は、接触予防策による速やかな隔離が必要です。芽胞はアルコールでは死なないため、手は石けんと流水で洗い、環境は塩素などの殺芽胞性の薬剤で清掃します。
答え
B · 患者を隔離し、手袋とエプロンを使い、石けんと流水で手を洗う
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Only the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe
これが答えになる理由
PCA is safe because a patient who becomes drowsy stops pressing the button. When others press it (“PCA by proxy”), sedation and respiratory depression can occur.
答え
C · Only the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Stop the transfusion
これが答えになる理由
These signs suggest an acute transfusion reaction, possibly hemolytic. The nurse stops the transfusion at once, keeps the IV open with normal saline through new tubing, assesses the patient and notifies the provider and blood bank.
答え
A · Stop the transfusion
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Taking an oral temperature just after the patient drank cold water
これが答えになる理由
A cold drink lowers mouth temperature for a short time, so the reading will be falsely low. The nurse should ask the assistant to wait before measuring. The other actions are correct.
答え
C · Taking an oral temperature just after the patient drank cold water
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Ensure the patient’s safety, document the findings and report as required
これが答えになる理由
Unexplained bruises of different ages and fear of a carer can suggest abuse. The nurse makes sure the patient is safe, documents objectively and reports according to law and policy.
答え
D · Ensure the patient’s safety, document the findings and report as required
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · A nebulised or inhaled short-acting beta2-agonist (salbutamol/albuterol)
これが答えになる理由
Short-acting beta2-agonists relieve bronchospasm within minutes. Oxygen to target, steroids and other treatments are added according to severity.
答え
D · A nebulised or inhaled short-acting beta2-agonist (salbutamol/albuterol)
高カルシウムは神経と筋の興奮性を低下させ、疲労、便秘、錯乱、骨の痛み、腎結石を起こします。テタニーとクボステック徴候は、低カルシウムのサインです。確認に用いた資料:Calcium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
B · 便秘、疲労、錯乱、腎結石
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · "I can have a light breakfast before the test"
これが答えになる理由
The OGTT is done after an overnight fast of at least 8 hours; water is allowed. Eating before the test makes the results invalid. Patients rest during the test and avoid smoking, which can affect glucose.確認に用いた資料:Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Glucose tolerance test - non-pregnant · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
A · "I can have a light breakfast before the test"
11.薬理学
答え: D · Glucagon by injection or nasal spray
これが答えになる理由
Glucagon breaks down liver glycogen and raises blood glucose. Nothing is given by mouth to an unconscious patient because of the risk of choking and aspiration.
答え
D · Glucagon by injection or nasal spray
12.薬理学
答え: D · It does not block the breakdown of bradykinin
これが答えになる理由
ACE (kininase II) breaks down bradykinin, so ACE inhibitors raise bradykinin, which can cause cough and angioedema. ARBs block the angiotensin II receptor without affecting bradykinin breakdown.
答え: C · Withhold the next doses and report urgently for liver tests
これが答えになる理由
Isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide can all cause hepatotoxicity. Jaundice, dark urine and nausea suggest drug-induced hepatitis, so the drugs are stopped and liver function is checked urgently. Orange urine from rifampicin does not cause yellow eyes. Alcohol increases the risk.
答え
C · Withhold the next doses and report urgently for liver tests
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Wait to give the insulin until the meal arrives
これが答えになる理由
Rapid-acting insulin begins to work within about 15 minutes, so giving it without food risks hypoglycaemia. It is given just before or with the meal. Basal insulin is not affected by meal delays.
答え
B · Wait to give the insulin until the meal arrives
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Stop the test and inform the doctor
これが答えになる理由
In DI, the patient keeps passing dilute urine despite fluid restriction and can become dangerously dehydrated. Significant weight loss, hypotension or a high sodium are reasons to stop the test and get medical review.
答え
C · Stop the test and inform the doctor
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Gas used during surgery irritating the diaphragm
これが答えになる理由
Carbon dioxide used to inflate the abdomen irritates the diaphragm, causing referred shoulder-tip pain. It usually settles within a few days; walking and simple analgesia help.
答え
B · Gas used during surgery irritating the diaphragm
A positive hCG test is a probable sign, because hCG can also be raised by a molar pregnancy or some tumours. Only fetal heart activity, fetal movement felt by an examiner or visualisation of the fetus are positive signs.
答え: C · Continue breastfeeding, and give oral rehydration solution as advised
これが答えになる理由
Breastfeeding should continue during gastroenteritis, with oral rehydration solution added when there are signs of dehydration. Withholding feeds slows recovery and juice can worsen diarrhoea.
答え
C · Continue breastfeeding, and give oral rehydration solution as advised
22.小児看護
答え: A · "He can eat normal bread at weekends if he's strict in the week."
これが答えになる理由
Even small amounts of gluten damage the gut lining in coeliac disease, so the diet must be strict and lifelong. Avoiding cross-contamination, reading labels and using naturally gluten-free foods are correct.
答え
A · "He can eat normal bread at weekends if he's strict in the week."
23.精神看護
答え: D · Conduct disorder involves violating others' rights, such as cruelty, theft or fire setting
これが答えになる理由
Oppositional defiant disorder involves angry, argumentative and defiant behaviour. Conduct disorder is more serious, with aggression, destruction of property, deceit, theft or serious violation of rules.
答え
D · Conduct disorder involves violating others' rights, such as cruelty, theft or fire setting
24.精神看護
答え: B · Ask him and his family about his alcohol use and the time of his last drink, and report the findings
これが答えになる理由
Unexpected alcohol withdrawal is common in surgical patients. Asking about drinking, using a withdrawal scale and reporting early allows treatment before seizures or delirium tremens develop.
答え
B · Ask him and his family about his alcohol use and the time of his last drink, and report the findings
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
各項目(mL)
4 tbsp = 4·15 = 60 mL
2 tsp = 2·5 = 10 mL
¼ カップ = 0.25·240 = 60 mL
½ fl oz = 0.5·30 = 15 mL
足す
V = 60 + 10 + 60 + 15 = 145 mL
答え
V = 145 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: V = 0.3 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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