Which newly started medication most increases an older patient's risk of falling?
ARegular paracetamol (acetaminophen) for back pain
BA night-time sedative such as a benzodiazepine
CAn emollient cream for dry skin
DA vitamin D supplement
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
An order uses the abbreviation “MS”. Why is this unsafe?
AIt is reserved for drugs used in multiple sclerosis
BIt means the drug must be given by mouth only
CIt is the abbreviation for milliseconds, not a drug
DIt can mean either morphine sulfate or magnesium sulfate
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
導尿カテーテルが明らかに必要な場合に、カテーテル関連尿路感染症を最もよく予防する方法はどれですか?
A清潔で付着物がない状態を保つため、毎日カテーテルを交換する
B無菌的な挿入、閉鎖式システム、必要性の毎日の見直し
Cバッグをベッドの上に置き、膀胱と同じ高さに保つ
D空にしやすいよう、定期的にバッグを接続から外す
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A nurse sees a nursing assistant leave a confused patient’s bed in the highest position after care. What should the nurse do?
ALeave it because the patient is asleep
BAsk the family to lower the bed when they next visit
CWrite it in the assistant’s yearly review only
DLower the bed now and remind the assistant why it matters
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
LPN/LVN が、安定していた患者に新たな胸痛が出たと報告しました。RN はどうすべきですか?
A看護助手に心電図を記録させて、結果を待つ
B自ら患者をアセスメントし、次のステップを決める
CLPN/LVN に対応を任せ、勤務終了時に報告するよう頼む
Dアセスメントなしに、頓用のニトログリセリンを投与するよう LPN/LVN に伝える
7.臨床看護学ふつう
A patient without diabetes is started on high-dose prednisolone. Why might capillary blood glucose be monitored?
ASteroids destroy the pancreas
BSteroids can raise the blood glucose
CSteroids make glucose meters inaccurate
DSteroids always cause hypoglycaemia
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with suspected appendicitis says the pain suddenly eased, but an hour later has pain all over the abdomen, a rigid abdomen and a fever. What is most likely?
AThe appendicitis has resolved without treatment
BThe patient has developed gastroenteritis
CThe appendix has perforated, causing peritonitis
DThe analgesia has started working
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient's levothyroxine dose was changed today. When is the TSH usually rechecked?
How should a topical corticosteroid cream usually be applied?
AAs a thin layer to the affected area only, as directed
BUnder a tight plastic dressing every night without advice
COn broken, infected skin to speed healing
DAs a thick layer over the whole body
12.薬理学むずかしい
Before starting long-term bisphosphonate treatment, a patient is advised to have a dental check-up. Why?
ABisphosphonates stain the teeth black if taken for many years
BBisphosphonates cause severe gum overgrowth
CBisphosphonates dissolve tooth enamel within weeks
DThey are linked to osteonecrosis of the jaw after dental surgery
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
After a bronchoscopy with throat anaesthesia, when can the patient eat and drink?
AOnly after a chest X-ray has been reported
BImmediately after the scope is removed
CWhen the gag and cough reflexes have returned
DAfter a full 24 hours without food
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Two days after coronary artery bypass surgery, a patient feels palpitations. The pulse is irregularly irregular at 140/min and BP is 112/70 mmHg. Which rhythm is most likely?
ASinus tachycardia
BAtrial fibrillation
CComplete heart block
DVentricular fibrillation
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
When the nurse squeezes the trapezius muscle, the patient brings a hand up above the collarbone towards the stimulus. Which GCS motor score is this?
A4, withdraws from pain
B3, abnormal flexion
C6, obeys commands
D5, localises to pain
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient with a brain tumour on high-dose dexamethasone has a capillary glucose of 16 mmol/L (288 mg/dL). They have no history of diabetes. What is the best explanation?
ASteroid-induced hyperglycaemia, which needs monitoring and treatment
BA sign that the brain tumour has now spread to the pancreas
CNormal for this patient, so no action is needed
DA lab error, because steroids lower blood glucose
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why does a patient need lifelong vitamin B12 injections after total gastrectomy?
AIntrinsic factor from the stomach is no longer made
BVitamin B12 is lost in the urine after the surgery
A family has a 2-year-old. Which advice about medicines at home is best?
ACall medicines "sweets" so the child is happy to take them
BLock all medicines away, out of reach and sight, in child-resistant containers
CKeep daily medicines in a handbag so they are always at hand
DRely on child-resistant caps alone, since toddlers are not strong enough to open them
22.小児看護むずかしい
Which finding in an infant with suspected reflux needs prompt medical review?
ASmall posseting after feeds in a contented, growing baby
BHiccups after feeds that settle on their own
CSpitting up more after a large feed
DPoor weight gain, refusing feeds and blood in the vomit
23.精神看護ふつう
How should a nurse screen a patient for intimate partner violence?
AOnly ask patients who have visible injuries
BAsk in front of the partner to see how he reacts
CAsk the partner instead of the patient
DAsk in private, without the partner or family present
24.精神看護むずかしい
A child has been admitted several times with unexplained fevers that only happen when her mother is present. Staff see the mother tampering with the child's IV line. What is the priority action?
ADiscuss the matter with the mother alone and ask her to stop
BEnsure the child's safety and follow child protection procedures
CDischarge the child home with the mother as soon as possible
DDocument the event carefully in the notes and wait to see whether it happens again before telling anyone else
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある新生児の体重は 8 lb 13 oz です。1 lb = 16 oz と 1 kg = 2.2 lb を使って、体重 m をキログラムで求めてください。小数第2位に丸めてください。
8 lb 13 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴が 21:40 に始まり、翌朝の 01:20 に終了しました(24時間表記)。何時間 t 続きましたか。答えは時間の小数で、小数第2位に丸めてください。
21:4001:20
t = h
27.投与量の計算ふつう
アドレナリン(エピネフリン)のプレフィルドシリンジに 1:10 000(0.1 mg/mL)と表示されています。指示は心停止に対する 1 mg の静注(IV)です。投与する量 V はいくらですか?
1:10 0001 mg
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
体重 24 kg の子どもに、1 mL 中に 40 mg を含む経口懸濁液が一回 10 mg/kg で処方されています。与える量 V はいくらですか?
24 kg10 mg/kg40 mg/1 mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
20 滴/mL の輸液セットで 1500 mL を 5 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。
1500 mL5 h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
100 mg を 250 mL に含む輸液が 10 mL/h で投与されています。患者は 1 分あたり何マイクログラム D を受け取りますか?
100 mg/250 mL10 mL/h
D = mcg/min
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 輸液には 250 mL 中に速効型インスリン 250 単位が含まれています。体重 100 kg の患者に 0.1 単位/kg/h の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を mL/h で求めてください。 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
250 個/250 mL0.1 個/kg/h100 kg
R = mL/h
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 バッグには dopamine 400 mg が 250 mL 中に含まれています。体重 86 kg の患者に 10 mcg/kg/min の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
400 mg/250 mL10 mcg/kg/min86 kg
R = mL/h
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。水分出納 B = 摂取量 − 排泄量 を mL で求めてください(負の答えは正味の喪失を意味します)。 氷片は体積の半分として数えます。
Opioids such as codeine and morphine slow gut movement and commonly cause constipation. Senna, lactulose and docusate are laxatives.
答え
C · Codeine
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · A night-time sedative such as a benzodiazepine
これが答えになる理由
Sedatives cause drowsiness, slowed reactions and unsteadiness, especially at night and in older adults. Diuretics and drugs that lower blood pressure also raise falls risk.
答え
B · A night-time sedative such as a benzodiazepine
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · It can mean either morphine sulfate or magnesium sulfate
これが答えになる理由
“MS”, “MSO4” and “MgSO4” can be confused, and giving one drug instead of the other can cause serious harm. Drug names are written in full.
答え
D · It can mean either morphine sulfate or magnesium sulfate
答え: D · Lower the bed now and remind the assistant why it matters
これが答えになる理由
A high bed increases the risk of a serious fall, so the nurse corrects it at once and gives brief, clear feedback. Leaving it or delaying feedback leaves the patient at risk.
答え
D · Lower the bed now and remind the assistant why it matters
Glucocorticoids increase glucose production and insulin resistance, causing steroid-induced hyperglycaemia. Glucose monitoring identifies patients who need treatment.
答え
B · Steroids can raise the blood glucose
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · The appendix has perforated, causing peritonitis
これが答えになる理由
Perforation may briefly relieve the pain as pressure in the appendix falls, followed by generalised peritonitis. This needs urgent surgical review, IV fluids and antibiotics.
答え
C · The appendix has perforated, causing peritonitis
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · After about 6–8 weeks
これが答えになる理由
Levothyroxine has a half-life of about a week, so a steady state takes about 6 weeks. The TSH is therefore rechecked about 6–8 weeks after a dose change; checking earlier gives a misleading result.確認に用いた資料:Hypothyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え: A · As a thin layer to the affected area only, as directed
これが答えになる理由
Thin application to affected skin limits systemic absorption and skin atrophy. Occlusive dressings increase absorption and are used only when prescribed.
答え
A · As a thin layer to the affected area only, as directed
12.薬理学
答え: D · They are linked to osteonecrosis of the jaw after dental surgery
これが答えになる理由
Osteonecrosis of the jaw is a rare but serious adverse effect, mostly after invasive dental work. Dental problems are treated before starting, and good oral hygiene is maintained.
答え
D · They are linked to osteonecrosis of the jaw after dental surgery
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · When the gag and cough reflexes have returned
これが答えになる理由
Local anaesthetic sprayed on the throat abolishes the gag and cough reflexes for a time, so food or fluid could be aspirated. The nurse checks that the reflexes have returned (often after about one to two hours) before giving sips of water and then food.
答え
C · When the gag and cough reflexes have returned
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Atrial fibrillation
これが答えになる理由
New atrial fibrillation affects a large proportion of patients in the first days after cardiac surgery, often due to inflammation, electrolyte shifts and stress. Management includes a 12-lead ECG, checking potassium and magnesium, rate or rhythm control and considering anticoagulation.
答え
B · Atrial fibrillation
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · 5, localises to pain
これが答えになる理由
Localising to pain (5) means a purposeful movement towards the source of pain. Withdrawal (4) is pulling away, abnormal flexion (3) is decorticate posturing, and obeying commands (6) needs no pain at all. A central stimulus, such as a trapezius squeeze, is used to test for localising.
答え
D · 5, localises to pain
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Steroid-induced hyperglycaemia, which needs monitoring and treatment
これが答えになる理由
Glucocorticoids increase glucose production and insulin resistance, so hyperglycaemia is common, often later in the day after a morning dose. Glucose is monitored regularly, and treatment may be needed. Other steroid effects include mood change and gastric irritation.
答え
A · Steroid-induced hyperglycaemia, which needs monitoring and treatment
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Intrinsic factor from the stomach is no longer made
これが答えになる理由
Parietal cells of the stomach make intrinsic factor, which is needed for B12 absorption in the terminal ileum. Without it, pernicious-type anaemia and neuropathy develop unless B12 is given by injection.
答え
A · Intrinsic factor from the stomach is no longer made
答え: D · To screen for critical congenital heart disease
これが答えになる理由
Pulse oximetry screening compares oxygen saturation in the right hand (pre-ductal) and a foot (post-ductal). A low reading or a significant difference can indicate critical congenital heart disease.
答え
D · To screen for critical congenital heart disease
答え: B · Lock all medicines away, out of reach and sight, in child-resistant containers
これが答えになる理由
Toddlers explore by climbing and putting things in their mouths. Medicines should be locked away and put back immediately after use. Calling medicine sweets encourages children to take it on their own.
答え
B · Lock all medicines away, out of reach and sight, in child-resistant containers
22.小児看護
答え: D · Poor weight gain, refusing feeds and blood in the vomit
これが答えになる理由
Many babies regurgitate small amounts and grow well; this needs only reassurance. Faltering growth, feed refusal, blood in the vomit, bilious vomiting or breathing problems suggest complications or another diagnosis.
答え
D · Poor weight gain, refusing feeds and blood in the vomit
23.精神看護
答え: D · Ask in private, without the partner or family present
これが答えになる理由
Screening should be done privately, using direct, non-judgemental questions. Abuse occurs in all groups, so routine screening is better than asking only those with obvious injuries.
答え
D · Ask in private, without the partner or family present
24.精神看護
答え: B · Ensure the child's safety and follow child protection procedures
これが答えになる理由
This suggests factitious disorder imposed on another, which is a form of child abuse. The nurse protects the child and reports through safeguarding procedures. Confronting the parent alone can increase the risk to the child.
答え
B · Ensure the child's safety and follow child protection procedures
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: m = 4.01 kg
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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