How should a hyoscine (scopolamine) patch for motion sickness be used?
AApply it to the chest only after the vomiting has started
BCut it in half for children without advice
CSwallow it if no water is available
DApply it behind the ear several hours before travel
12.薬理学むずかしい
Before starting long-term bisphosphonate treatment, a patient is advised to have a dental check-up. Why?
ABisphosphonates cause severe gum overgrowth
BBisphosphonates stain the teeth black if taken for many years
CThey are linked to osteonecrosis of the jaw after dental surgery
DBisphosphonates dissolve tooth enamel within weeks
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
胸腔ドレーンのチューブを一般にクランプしてはいけないのはなぜですか?
Aクランプするとチューブが恒久的に弱って割れるから
Bクランプすると水封の水が蒸発するから
Cクランプすると胸腔から液体が速く排出されすぎるから
D閉じ込められた空気が増えて、緊張性気胸を起こしうるから
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
A patient on a morphine PCA after surgery is very drowsy, with a respiratory rate of 7/min and pinpoint pupils. SpO₂ is 89%. What should the nurse do first?
AEncourage the patient to keep pressing the PCA button for comfort
BGive a sedative to keep the patient comfortable
CStop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
DLeave the patient to sleep and recheck the observations in an hour
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient with a suspected basal skull fracture needs a gastric tube. Which route is preferred?
AThrough the nose with a guidewire
BThrough the mouth (orogastric)
CThrough a fine-bore nasal tube
DThrough the nose (nasogastric)
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A 66-year-old smoker has had two episodes of painless red urine. Urine cultures are negative. Which plan is most appropriate?
AUrgent referral for cystoscopy and imaging
BAnother course of antibiotics for a UTI
CAdvise more fluids and review in a year
DReassure him, because the blood has stopped
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
What does "neoadjuvant" treatment mean?
ATreatment before the main treatment, often to shrink the tumour
BTreatment that is given only after the cancer has already spread
CTreatment that is given instead of any surgery
DTreatment given only for pain relief
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A patient taking IV antibiotics has three unexplained loose stools in 24 hours. What should the nurse do first?
AIsolate the patient and send a stool sample for testing
BWait two days to see if the diarrhoea settles
CGive loperamide after each loose stool and continue as usual
DMove the patient to a bay with other patients to watch them closely
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
A woman with pre-existing type 1 diabetes is pregnant. How do her insulin needs usually change?
AInsulin is stopped during pregnancy and restarted after birth
BThey rise in the first trimester and fall in the third
CThey stay the same throughout pregnancy
DThey often fall early on and then rise later in pregnancy
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
Monochorionic twins at 22 weeks show one twin with polyhydramnios and a large bladder and the other with almost no fluid. What condition is suspected?
AGestational diabetes in one twin
BRh isoimmunisation
CPlacenta praevia
DTwin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
21.小児看護ふつう
子どもの循環血液量減少性ショックで、通常、後期のサインとなる所見はどれですか?
A頻脈
B低血圧
C四肢の冷感
D毛細血管再充満時間の延長
22.小児看護むずかしい
An 8-year-old tells the nurse that her uncle touches her in a way she does not like and asks the nurse to keep it secret. What is the best response?
AAsk detailed, leading questions to find out exactly what happened
BListen calmly, praise her for telling, explain it must be shared, and follow safeguarding
CPromise to keep the secret, so that she keeps trusting the nurse and tells more later
DPhone the uncle straight away to ask for his side of the story before reporting anything
答え: D · To reduce skin bacteria and bloodstream infections linked to central lines
これが答えになる理由
Daily chlorhexidine bathing lowers the number of organisms on the skin, reducing central line-associated bloodstream infections and the spread of resistant bacteria in ICUs.
答え
D · To reduce skin bacteria and bloodstream infections linked to central lines
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Keep a safe distance and a clear exit, speak calmly and call security if needed
これが答えになる理由
In a potentially violent situation, the nurse keeps a safe distance and a clear path to the door, uses calm, simple words and gets help early. Touching or arguing with an agitated person can make things worse.
答え
C · Keep a safe distance and a clear exit, speak calmly and call security if needed
答え: B · Check that a swallow screen has been done before giving anything by mouth
これが答えになる理由
After a stroke, the patient stays NPO (nothing by mouth) until a swallow screen shows it is safe. Giving fluids first risks aspiration, even with a straw or thickener.
答え
B · Check that a swallow screen has been done before giving anything by mouth
7.臨床看護学
答え: A · A combination of antibiotics with a proton pump inhibitor
これが答えになる理由
Eradication therapy combines a PPI with two antibiotics for a set course. Completing the course is important for success.
答え
A · A combination of antibiotics with a proton pump inhibitor
8.臨床看護学
答え: B · To prevent accidental intravenous administration
これが答えになる理由
Giving an oral or enteral medicine intravenously can be fatal. Enteral syringes with non-IV connectors, such as ENFit, make this wrong-route error much less likely.
答え
B · To prevent accidental intravenous administration
9.検査値と電解質
答え: A · About 30 minutes after the infusion ends
これが答えになる理由
Peak aminoglycoside levels are usually drawn about 30 minutes after a 30-minute infusion ends, to confirm the level is high enough to kill bacteria. Troughs, drawn just before the next dose, check for accumulation. Local protocols may differ, especially with once-daily dosing.
答え: D · Apply it behind the ear several hours before travel
これが答えになる理由
The patch is applied behind the ear several hours before travel, and the hands are washed afterwards. Touching the eye with drug on the fingers can dilate the pupil and blur vision.
答え
D · Apply it behind the ear several hours before travel
12.薬理学
答え: C · They are linked to osteonecrosis of the jaw after dental surgery
これが答えになる理由
Osteonecrosis of the jaw is a rare but serious adverse effect, mostly after invasive dental work. Dental problems are treated before starting, and good oral hygiene is maintained.
答え
C · They are linked to osteonecrosis of the jaw after dental surgery
答え: C · Stop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
これが答えになる理由
Sedation and slow breathing are warning signs of opioid toxicity. The nurse stops the opioid, stimulates the patient, opens the airway, gives oxygen, calls for help and gives naloxone per protocol. Naloxone is short-acting, so the patient is monitored for recurrence.
答え
C · Stop the PCA, support breathing, give oxygen and get naloxone
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Through the mouth (orogastric)
これが答えになる理由
A tube passed through the nose could enter the cranial vault through the fractured skull base. An orogastric route avoids this. Nasal suction and nose blowing are also avoided.
答え
B · Through the mouth (orogastric)
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Urgent referral for cystoscopy and imaging
これが答えになる理由
Painless visible haematuria in an older smoker, with no infection, must be investigated urgently for bladder or kidney cancer. Intermittent bleeding does not mean the cause has gone.
答え
A · Urgent referral for cystoscopy and imaging
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Treatment before the main treatment, often to shrink the tumour
これが答えになる理由
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy is given before surgery to shrink the tumour, which may make surgery easier or allow less extensive surgery. Adjuvant therapy follows surgery.
答え
A · Treatment before the main treatment, often to shrink the tumour
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Isolate the patient and send a stool sample for testing
これが答えになる理由
Unexplained diarrhoea in a patient on antibiotics should be treated as possible C. difficile. The patient is isolated promptly, a stool sample is sent and the antibiotics are reviewed with the medical team.
答え
A · Isolate the patient and send a stool sample for testing
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · They often fall early on and then rise later in pregnancy
これが答えになる理由
In early pregnancy, nausea and increased insulin sensitivity can lower insulin needs and raise the risk of hypoglycaemia. Insulin resistance from placental hormones then raises needs markedly in the second and third trimesters.
答え
D · They often fall early on and then rise later in pregnancy
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
これが答えになる理由
In monochorionic twins, unbalanced vascular connections can shunt blood from one twin to the other. The recipient becomes overloaded with polyhydramnios, while the donor has low fluid and growth restriction.
答え: B · Listen calmly, praise her for telling, explain it must be shared, and follow safeguarding
これが答えになる理由
The nurse listens without showing shock, reassures the child, avoids leading questions, records her words accurately and explains that people who can help need to know. The concern is reported at once through the safeguarding procedure.
答え
B · Listen calmly, praise her for telling, explain it must be shared, and follow safeguarding
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
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