Which factors help start the newborn's first breath?
AOnly the baby's first cry from hunger
BOnly the cutting of the umbilical cord
CChemical, thermal, mechanical and sensory cues
DOnly the pressure from the obstetrician's hand
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A newborn in the first hours sneezes, has a high-pitched cry, tremors and loose stools. The mother took opioids throughout pregnancy. Which intervention is most appropriate first?
AA quiet, dim room, swaddling and small, frequent feeds
BWithholding feeds until the symptoms settle
CGiving naloxone to reverse the opioids
DBright lights and frequent handling to keep the baby awake
21.小児看護ふつう
Which instruction about a child's new plaster cast is correct?
ALet the child walk on a leg cast as soon as it is applied
BKeep the cast covered with a plastic bag at all times while it dries, to keep it clean
CKeep the limb raised and report increasing pain, numbness or pale or blue fingers
DPush a knitting needle inside the cast to scratch an itch
22.小児看護むずかしい
A 2-year-old has swallowed several of his mother's iron tablets. Why is this treated as an emergency even if he looks well?
AIron poisoning can cause gut bleeding, shock and liver failure hours later
BIron tablets dissolve to form a gas that blocks the airway
CIron poisoning causes only constipation, which needs an enema
DIron tablets cause an immediate allergic reaction in young children
23.精神看護ふつう
How should a nurse screen a patient for intimate partner violence?
AAsk in private, without the partner or family present
BAsk the partner instead of the patient
CAsk in front of the partner to see how he reacts
DOnly ask patients who have visible injuries
24.精神看護むずかしい
A man has odd beliefs about being able to read minds, dresses eccentrically and has few friends because others make him anxious. He has never had sustained hallucinations or delusions. Which diagnosis fits best?
AHistrionic personality disorder with odd dress
BSchizophrenia
CSchizotypal personality disorder
DAntisocial personality disorder
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者の身長は 4 ft 1 in です。1 ft = 12 in と 1 in = 2.54 cm を使って、身長 h をセンチメートルで、cm の整数に丸めて求めてください。
答え: B · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
これが答えになる理由
Cool running water for about 20 minutes reduces pain and depth of injury. Ice can damage tissue further, grease holds heat in, and blisters are left intact to protect the skin.
答え
B · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · 塩素系溶液などの殺芽胞剤
これが答えになる理由
C. difficile の芽胞はアルコールや多くの一般的な消毒薬に抵抗するため、環境や器具には塩素系製剤などの殺芽胞剤を用います。
答え
C · 塩素系溶液などの殺芽胞剤
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Finding the system and process weaknesses that allowed the error
これが答えになる理由
A root cause analysis looks beyond the individual to the system factors, such as storage, labeling, staffing or workflow, that allowed the error. The aim is to change the system so the error cannot happen again.
答え
C · Finding the system and process weaknesses that allowed the error
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · A child with asthma who is now quiet with very little air movement
これが答えになる理由
In asthma, very little air movement and a quiet child mean severe obstruction and possible respiratory failure. The other children are stable for now.
答え
C · A child with asthma who is now quiet with very little air movement
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Stop the LPN/LVN and contact the prescriber or pharmacist about another form
これが答えになる理由
Crushing an extended-release tablet releases the whole dose at once and can cause toxicity, such as severe bradycardia or hypotension. The RN steps in now and arranges a suitable form.
答え
B · Stop the LPN/LVN and contact the prescriber or pharmacist about another form
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · Fever, rigors and loin pain
これが答えになる理由
Pyelonephritis is an upper urinary tract infection and causes systemic signs such as fever and rigors, with flank pain. Cystitis usually causes local symptoms such as dysuria and frequency.
答え
C · Fever, rigors and loin pain
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · An arterial ulcer
これが答えになる理由
Arterial ulcers are usually on the feet or toes, painful and punched-out, with signs of poor perfusion. Venous ulcers are usually around the ankle, shallow and associated with swelling and skin staining.
答え
A · An arterial ulcer
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · About 140–180 mg/dL (7.8–10 mmol/L)
これが答えになる理由
For most critically ill patients, insulin is used to keep glucose around 140–180 mg/dL (7.8–10 mmol/L). Lower targets increase the risk of hypoglycemia, and persistently higher levels increase infection and other complications.
答え
C · About 140–180 mg/dL (7.8–10 mmol/L)
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · IV calcium gluconate (or chloride)
これが答えになる理由
With ECG changes, IV calcium is given first to stabilize the cardiac membrane within minutes. It does not lower potassium, so insulin with glucose (and sometimes albuterol/salbutamol) follows to shift potassium into cells, then binders, diuretics or dialysis remove it.確認に用いた資料:High potassium level - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
A cuff that is too small needs a higher pressure to compress the brachial artery, giving a falsely high reading. A cuff that is too large can give a falsely low reading. The bladder should encircle most of the arm, so cuff size is chosen by arm circumference.
答え
D · The reading will be falsely high
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Stop smoking, control BP and seek help at once for sudden back pain
これが答えになる理由
Small aneurysms are usually monitored with regular ultrasound, with repair considered when they reach a threshold size or grow fast. Stopping smoking slows growth, and BP and cardiovascular risk are managed. Sudden abdominal or back pain may mean rupture and needs emergency care.
答え
C · Stop smoking, control BP and seek help at once for sudden back pain
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · It contains concentrated anticoagulant
これが答えになる理由
Dialysis catheter lumens are filled with a concentrated heparin or citrate lock. If it is flushed into the patient, it can cause bleeding or other effects. Catheters are usually accessed only by trained staff.
答え
B · It contains concentrated anticoagulant
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: C · Secondary hypothyroidism
これが答えになる理由
When the pituitary cannot make enough TSH, the thyroid is not stimulated, so both TSH and free T4 are low. In primary thyroid failure, TSH is high. In secondary hypothyroidism, free T4, not TSH, is used to guide the dose.
答え: C · Chemical, thermal, mechanical and sensory cues
これが答えになる理由
Falling oxygen and rising carbon dioxide (chemical), cooler air (thermal), recoil of the chest after the birth canal (mechanical) and touch, light and sound (sensory) trigger the first breaths.
答え
C · Chemical, thermal, mechanical and sensory cues
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · A quiet, dim room, swaddling and small, frequent feeds
これが答えになる理由
Neonatal abstinence (withdrawal) is managed first with non-drug care: low stimulation, swaddling, skin-to-skin, responsive feeding and rooming-in. Medication is added if scores stay high. Naloxone can precipitate seizures.
答え
A · A quiet, dim room, swaddling and small, frequent feeds
21.小児看護
答え: C · Keep the limb raised and report increasing pain, numbness or pale or blue fingers
これが答えになる理由
Elevation reduces swelling, and families must report signs of neurovascular compromise (pain, pallor, numbness, tingling, coolness or inability to move fingers or toes). Nothing should be pushed into the cast, and a wet cast needs air to dry.
答え
C · Keep the limb raised and report increasing pain, numbness or pale or blue fingers
22.小児看護
答え: A · Iron poisoning can cause gut bleeding, shock and liver failure hours later
これが答えになる理由
Iron overdose damages the gut lining and disrupts cell metabolism, leading to vomiting, bleeding, shock, acidosis and liver failure, sometimes after a period when the child seems better. Urgent assessment is needed; deferoxamine is used for serious poisoning.
答え
A · Iron poisoning can cause gut bleeding, shock and liver failure hours later
23.精神看護
答え: A · Ask in private, without the partner or family present
これが答えになる理由
Screening should be done privately, using direct, non-judgemental questions. Abuse occurs in all groups, so routine screening is better than asking only those with obvious injuries.
答え
A · Ask in private, without the partner or family present
24.精神看護
答え: C · Schizotypal personality disorder
これが答えになる理由
Schizotypal personality disorder involves odd beliefs, magical thinking, eccentric behaviour and social anxiety. It lies on the schizophrenia spectrum, but without the sustained psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia.
答え
C · Schizotypal personality disorder
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: h = 124 cm
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
インチでの身長
4·12 + 1 = 49 in
インチからセンチメートルへ
h = 49·2.54 = 124.5 ≈ 124 cm
答え
h = 124 cm
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: Hb = 11.7 g/dL
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
変換
Hb = 117 g/L × (1 L/10 dL) = 11.7 g/dL
答え
Hb = 11.7 g/dL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 62.5 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
7.5·25 = 187.5 mg
1 回あたり
D = 187.5/3 = 62.5 mg
答え
D = 62.5 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 3 mL
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
体重から求めた投与量
15·10 = 150 mg
体積
V = (150/250)·5 = 3 mL
答え
V = 3 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 65 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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