A patient has fatigue, weight loss, darkening of the skin and low blood pressure. Results: sodium 130 mEq/L, potassium 5.6 mEq/L. Which test pattern would confirm primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)?
AHigh cortisol with a low ACTH
BHigh cortisol with a high ACTH
CLow cortisol with a low ACTH
DLow cortisol with a high ACTH
11.薬理学ふつう
A patient with heart failure starts furosemide. Which self-monitoring instruction is most useful?
AWeigh daily at the same time on the same scales
BCheck the blood glucose before every meal
CMeasure the temperature twice a day and record it in a diary
Which instruction about using an adrenaline (epinephrine) auto-injector is correct?
AInject it into the buttock muscle and then let the child walk it off at home
BInject into the upper arm muscle, but only after removing all the clothing first
CInject into the outer thigh, through clothing if needed, and call emergency services
DUse it only after an antihistamine has failed to work
22.小児看護むずかしい
Several family members, including the children, have had headaches, nausea and drowsiness all winter. They feel better when away from home. What should the nurse suspect?
AMigraine that runs in the family
BSeasonal influenza
CCarbon monoxide poisoning
DFood poisoning
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient with dependent personality disorder asks the nurse to choose her clothes and meals every day. What is an appropriate nursing goal?
AThe patient will make small everyday decisions on her own
BThe patient will move in with a relative who can make decisions for her
CThe patient will let staff make all her decisions while in hospital
DThe patient will avoid contact with others until she feels more confident
24.精神看護むずかしい
A nurse suspects that a patient is hiding his tablets in his cheek and later spitting them out. What is the best approach?
AAccuse him in front of other patients so that he is embarrassed and stops
BCheck his mouth after each dose, as policy allows, and explore why he does not want it
CStop giving him his medicine at all, because he is not taking it anyway, and record that he refused
DCrush all his tablets into his food without telling him
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者の体温は 36.8 °C です。°F = °C × 9/5 + 32 を使って華氏 T に換算してください。小数第1位に丸めてください。
36.8 °C
T = °F
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある点滴が 22:30 に始まり、翌朝の 05:00 に終了しました(24時間表記)。何分 t 続きましたか。
22:3005:00
t = min
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 8 kg の子どもに、20 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 40 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
8 kg20 mg/kg40 mg/mL
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
体重 10 kg の子どもに、5 mL 中に 125 mg を含む経口懸濁液が一回 5 mg/kg で処方されています。与える量 V はいくらですか?
10 kg5 mg/kg125 mg/5 mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
60 滴/mL の輸液セットで 500 mL を 5 時間かけて投与します。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。
500 mL5 h60 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.点滴速度むずかしい
薬剤 100 mg を 100 mL に希釈し、20 滴/mL のセットで自然落下で投与します。指示は 1 時間あたり 30 mg です。滴下速度 R を 1 分あたりの滴数で求めなさい。
100 mg/100 mL30 mg/h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 練習用プロトコルでは、体重 64 kg の患者にヘパリン 80 単位/kg をボーラス投与することになっています。バイアルは 5 000 単位/mL です。何 mL V 吸い上げますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
80 個/kg64 kg5 000 個/mL
V = mL
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 バッグには dopamine 800 mg が 500 mL 中に含まれています。体重 107 kg の患者に 10 mcg/kg/min の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を何 mL/h に設定しますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
800 mg/500 mL10 mcg/kg/min107 kg
R = mL/h
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 8 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。水分出納 B = 摂取量 − 排泄量 を mL で求めてください(負の答えは正味の喪失を意味します)。
答え: D · Wait about 15–30 minutes, as the reading may be falsely low
これが答えになる理由
Hot or cold drinks, eating and smoking change the temperature in the mouth for a while. The nurse waits 15–30 minutes or uses another site.
答え
D · Wait about 15–30 minutes, as the reading may be falsely low
2.基礎看護学
答え: A · "I'll take the gown off at home after I leave the hospital."
これが答えになる理由
PPE is removed in or at the door of the patient's room and disposed of there, followed by hand hygiene. Wearing it out of the room spreads the organism.
答え
A · "I'll take the gown off at home after I leave the hospital."
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Atropine and pralidoxime
これが答えになる理由
Nerve agents inhibit acetylcholinesterase, causing excess acetylcholine. Atropine blocks muscarinic effects such as secretions and bradycardia, and pralidoxime helps to reactivate the enzyme.
答え
C · Atropine and pralidoxime
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Three negative sputum smears, clinical improvement and continued therapy
これが答えになる理由
Airborne precautions usually continue until the patient is on effective therapy, is improving clinically and has three negative sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli, according to policy.
答え
D · Three negative sputum smears, clinical improvement and continued therapy
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Thiamine (vitamin B1)
これが答えになる理由
Thiamine deficiency is common in heavy alcohol use, and giving glucose without thiamine can trigger Wernicke encephalopathy. Thiamine is given before or with glucose.
答え
C · Thiamine (vitamin B1)
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · 点滴が予期せず止まったあとの、発汗、ふるえ、血糖 62 mg/dL(3.4 mmol/L)
A raised PaCO2 with a low pH means the lungs are not removing enough CO2, for example from hypoventilation. A normal bicarbonate suggests it is acute.
答え
C · Respiratory acidosis
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · Medicines reconciliation against reliable sources, such as primary care records
これが答えになる理由
Medicines reconciliation compares several sources to produce an accurate medication list. It finds omissions, duplications and errors, and is especially important in older people with polypharmacy.
答え
A · Medicines reconciliation against reliable sources, such as primary care records
In primary adrenal insufficiency the adrenal glands fail, so cortisol is low and the pituitary responds with high ACTH, which also darkens the skin. Low cortisol with low ACTH suggests a pituitary cause. An ACTH stimulation test confirms the diagnosis.確認に用いた資料:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Cortisol Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
D · Low cortisol with a high ACTH
11.薬理学
答え: A · Weigh daily at the same time on the same scales
これが答えになる理由
Daily weight is the best home measure of fluid balance. A rapid gain suggests fluid retention, and a rapid loss suggests overdiuresis and dehydration, both of which should be reported.
答え
A · Weigh daily at the same time on the same scales
MAP ≈ diastolic + (systolic − diastolic) ÷ 3 = 60 + 60 ÷ 3 = 80 mmHg. The heart spends longer in diastole, so MAP is closer to the diastolic value. A MAP of at least about 65 mmHg is a common target for organ perfusion.
答え
D · 80 mmHg
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Up to five back blows, then up to five abdominal thrusts if needed
これが答えになる理由
For a conscious adult with severe choking, current UK, European and AHA (2025) guidance teach up to five back blows, then up to five abdominal thrusts, repeated until the obstruction clears; some older courses used abdominal thrusts alone. If the person becomes unconscious, CPR is started. Blind finger sweeps can push the object further in.
答え
A · Up to five back blows, then up to five abdominal thrusts if needed
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Heat can briefly worsen MS symptoms, which settle when they cool down
これが答えになる理由
Heat sensitivity (Uhthoff's phenomenon) is common in MS. A rise in body temperature slows conduction in demyelinated nerves and temporarily worsens symptoms. It is not a relapse, and the symptoms settle with cooling.
答え
A · Heat can briefly worsen MS symptoms, which settle when they cool down
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · "If the fluid is cloudy, I'll see if it clears next time."
これが答えになる理由
Cloudy effluent may be the first sign of peritonitis and must be reported to the PD unit straight away, keeping the bag for testing. Waiting can allow a serious infection to develop.
答え
D · "If the fluid is cloudy, I'll see if it clears next time."
Enteral feeds bind phenytoin and lower its levels, risking seizures. Feeds are usually paused around doses, as advised by the pharmacist, and drug levels are monitored.
答え
C · Phenytoin
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Gestational diabetes
これが答えになる理由
Obesity raises the risks of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, venous thromboembolism, macrosomia, caesarean birth and stillbirth. Early glucose testing and VTE risk assessment are often recommended.
答え
A · Gestational diabetes
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · 見える出血がわずかでも、潜在性の(外出血のない)早期剥離で大量に失血している可能性がある
答え: C · Inject into the outer thigh, through clothing if needed, and call emergency services
これが答えになる理由
Auto-injectors are given into the outer mid-thigh and can go through clothing. Emergency services are called after every use, as symptoms can recur, and a second dose may be needed.
答え
C · Inject into the outer thigh, through clothing if needed, and call emergency services
22.小児看護
答え: C · Carbon monoxide poisoning
これが答えになる理由
Carbon monoxide from faulty heaters or boilers causes headache, nausea, dizziness and drowsiness that improve away from the source. Pulse oximetry can look falsely normal. Treatment is removal from the source and high-flow oxygen; the appliance must be checked.
答え
C · Carbon monoxide poisoning
23.精神看護
答え: A · The patient will make small everyday decisions on her own
これが答えになる理由
People with dependent personality disorder have an excessive need to be cared for and difficulty making decisions. Nursing care encourages and praises small independent decisions to build confidence.
答え
A · The patient will make small everyday decisions on her own
24.精神看護
答え: B · Check his mouth after each dose, as policy allows, and explore why he does not want it
これが答えになる理由
Mouth checks or liquid forms, as permitted, can confirm that medicine is taken. Understanding the reasons, such as side effects or beliefs about the drug, helps the team address the problem with the patient.
答え
B · Check his mouth after each dose, as policy allows, and explore why he does not want it
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 98.2 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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