A patient with C. difficile diarrhea has a white cell count of 24 × 10³/µL and a creatinine that has risen to 2.1 mg/dL (186 µmol/L). What does this indicate?
ASuccessful response to treatment
BUnrelated chronic kidney disease
CMild infection needing no treatment
DSevere C. difficile infection
11.薬理学ふつう
Which signs suggest early lithium toxicity?
AVery high blood pressure and a severe headache
BDiarrhoea, vomiting, coarse tremor and drowsiness
CPinpoint pupils and slow breathing
DHair loss and dark urine only
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient with heart failure starts taking naproxen regularly for back pain. Why is this a concern?
ANSAIDs lower potassium, which makes digoxin and diuretics fail
BNSAIDs cause salt and water retention and can worsen heart failure
CNSAIDs increase heart contractility too much
DNSAIDs block the absorption of furosemide completely
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
喘息の患者が、発作時用の吸入器を週に3回より多く使っています。これは何を示唆しますか?
A喘息のコントロールが不良で、治療の見直しが必要である
B発作時用の薬がもう効かないので、中止すべきである
C現在の計画で喘息はよくコントロールされている
D予防吸入薬はもう必要ない
14.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
After positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is increased on a ventilated patient, the blood pressure falls. What is the most likely reason?
AHigher chest pressure reduces venous return to the heart
BPEEP causes immediate blood loss from the alveolar capillaries
CPEEP lowers the blood oxygen level
DPEEP directly weakens the heart muscle and its contraction
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
A patient taking warfarin is diagnosed with an intracerebral haemorrhage. What is the priority treatment?
AStarting aspirin to prevent further clots
BUrgent reversal of the anticoagulant effect
CIV thrombolysis within 4.5 hours
DDoubling the warfarin dose to stabilise the INR
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient has frothy urine and marked leg swelling. Serum albumin is 18 g/L (1.8 g/dL), and BP is normal. The urine shows heavy protein but little blood. What is most likely?
AA urethral stricture
BAcute pyelonephritis
CNephritic syndrome
DNephrotic syndrome
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Why is the Lund and Browder chart preferred to the rule of nines for children?
AIt is used only for burns of the hands
BIt is faster to use than any other method of estimation
CIt adjusts for body proportions that change with age
DIt counts superficial burns as well
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
A nurse finds a dislodged sealed radiation source in the bed of a patient receiving brachytherapy. What should the nurse do?
APick it up with gloved hands and put it in the nearest sharps bin quickly
BLeave it in the bed until the end of the shift
CThrow it in the clinical waste bag
DUse long-handled forceps to put it in the lead container; report it
19.母性看護・産科看護ふつう
子癇前症の女性が、激しい頭痛と、チカチカした光が見えると訴えています。何を示唆しますか?
A硫酸マグネシウムの正常な作用
B低血糖
C重症の特徴を伴う子癇前症で、子癇のリスクがある
D妊娠後期によくある無害な緊張型頭痛
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
A woman 1 day after a caesarean asks how to hold her baby for breastfeeding without pressure on her wound. Which position is best?
AThe cradle hold with the baby across the incision
BLying flat on her back with the baby on her abdomen
CStanding up while breastfeeding
DThe football (rugby) hold or side-lying
21.小児看護ふつう
Which is the main modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes in adolescents?
Young children can become entangled in looped blind and curtain cords. Cordless blinds or cord tie-downs, and keeping cribs away from windows, prevent strangulation.
答え
B · Looped cords on window blinds
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Not hang it, and get a correctly labeled bag from the pharmacy
これが答えになる理由
A label with another patient’s name means the bag may be meant for someone else or may differ in other ways. The nurse does not use it, returns it and reports the issue so the error can be investigated.
答え
C · Not hang it, and get a correctly labeled bag from the pharmacy
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · With the palms of the hands, not the fingertips
これが答えになる理由
A wet plaster cast can be dented by fingertips, causing pressure points under the cast. It is handled with the palms, supported on pillows and left uncovered to dry.
答え
D · With the palms of the hands, not the fingertips
下垂体付近の手術は、抗利尿ホルモンの分泌を止めることがあります。それがないと、腎臓は比重の低い薄い尿を大量に出し、ナトリウムが上昇します。SIADH は反対で、濃縮した尿と低ナトリウムです。看護師は摂取量と排泄量を綿密に測定し、早期に報告します。確認に用いた資料:Diabetes insipidus · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Urine specific gravity test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Sodium blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
D · 尿崩症
10.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Severe C. difficile infection
これが答えになる理由
A white count of 15 × 10³/µL or more or a creatinine above 1.5 mg/dL marks severe C. difficile infection. These patients need prompt treatment, fluid replacement and close monitoring for complications such as toxic megacolon. Contact precautions with soap-and-water hand hygiene are used.
答え
D · Severe C. difficile infection
11.薬理学
答え: B · Diarrhoea, vomiting, coarse tremor and drowsiness
これが答えになる理由
Early lithium toxicity causes GI upset, a coarse tremor, sluggishness and unsteadiness. Higher levels cause confusion, seizures and arrhythmias, so the drug is held and the level checked.
答え
B · Diarrhoea, vomiting, coarse tremor and drowsiness
12.薬理学
答え: B · NSAIDs cause salt and water retention and can worsen heart failure
これが答えになる理由
NSAIDs inhibit renal prostaglandins, causing sodium and water retention and reducing the effect of diuretics. They can trigger decompensation of heart failure and are usually avoided.
答え
B · NSAIDs cause salt and water retention and can worsen heart failure
答え: A · Higher chest pressure reduces venous return to the heart
これが答えになる理由
PEEP keeps alveoli open and improves oxygenation, but higher intrathoracic pressure impedes venous return, reducing preload and cardiac output, especially in hypovolaemic patients. The team may give fluid or adjust PEEP. High pressures also risk barotrauma.
答え
A · Higher chest pressure reduces venous return to the heart
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · Urgent reversal of the anticoagulant effect
これが答えになる理由
Anticoagulants make the haematoma expand. Warfarin is reversed urgently, typically with prothrombin complex concentrate and IV vitamin K. Thrombolysis and antiplatelets are contraindicated in a bleed.
答え
B · Urgent reversal of the anticoagulant effect
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · Nephrotic syndrome
これが答えになる理由
Heavy proteinuria, very low albumin and oedema point to nephrotic syndrome. Nephritic syndrome is mainly haematuria with hypertension and reduced urine output. The cause is investigated, often with a biopsy.
答え
D · Nephrotic syndrome
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · It adjusts for body proportions that change with age
これが答えになる理由
The Lund and Browder chart gives different percentages for the head and legs at different ages, so it is more accurate in children and is also widely used in adults.
答え
C · It adjusts for body proportions that change with age
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Use long-handled forceps to put it in the lead container; report it
これが答えになる理由
A dislodged source is picked up with long-handled forceps and placed in the shielded container kept in the room. The radiation safety officer and team are informed, following local policy.
答え
D · Use long-handled forceps to put it in the lead container; report it
The football hold places the baby along her side, and side-lying avoids any pressure on the abdomen. A pillow over the wound also helps.
答え
D · The football (rugby) hold or side-lying
21.小児看護
答え: C · Obesity with low physical activity
これが答えになる理由
Obesity and inactivity are the main modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes in young people. Family history and ethnicity also raise risk but cannot be changed. Healthy eating and activity are the basis of prevention and treatment.
Diagnostic overshadowing happens when new symptoms are attributed to a known disability or mental illness, so a physical or other cause is missed. It contributes to poorer health outcomes.
答え
D · Diagnostic overshadowing
24.精神看護
答え: A · "After a few months I can stop having blood tests."
これが答えになる理由
Blood count monitoring is most frequent in the first months of clozapine treatment but continues throughout treatment, because agranulocytosis can occur at any time.
答え
A · "After a few months I can stop having blood tests."
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 36.3 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
32を引く
97.3 − 32 = 65.3
5/9を掛ける
T = 65.3·5/9 = 36.28 ≈ 36.3 °C
答え
T = 36.3 °C
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 410 mL
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
各項目(mL)
2 tbsp = 2·15 = 30 mL
½ fl oz = 0.5·30 = 15 mL
1½ カップ = 1.5·240 = 360 mL
1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
足す
V = 30 + 15 + 360 + 5 = 410 mL
答え
V = 410 mL
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 150 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
30·15 = 450 mg
1 回あたり
D = 450/3 = 150 mg
答え
D = 150 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: V = 0.62 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
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