A patient's creatinine was 0.9 mg/dL (80 µmol/L) on admission and is 1.3 mg/dL (115 µmol/L) 36 hours later. Using the common KDIGO criteria, what does this show?
AAcute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours
BChronic kidney disease, because creatinine has risen above baseline
CA laboratory error, because creatinine cannot change within 2 days
DNo kidney injury, because the creatinine is still within the normal range
11.薬理学ふつう
A woman taking tamoxifen should report which symptom promptly?
AMild hot flushes, especially at night, in the first months
BUnusual vaginal bleeding or a painful swollen leg
CMild tiredness in the afternoon
DSlightly dry skin
12.薬理学むずかしい
500 mg の静注で初期血漿濃度が 10 mg/L になりました。分布容積はいくつですか?
A50 L
B500 L
C5 L
D5000 L
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
Which ECG finding is typical of atrial flutter?
AWide, bizarre QRS complexes at 180/min
BP waves with no relationship to the QRS complexes
CRegular sawtooth flutter waves between QRS complexes
DA chaotic baseline with no clear P waves and irregular QRS
A woman with hyperemesis gravidarum has been vomiting for weeks. Which vitamin is given before glucose-containing fluids to prevent Wernicke encephalopathy?
APhytomenadione (vitamin K)
BVitamin D
CThiamine (vitamin B1)
DAscorbic acid (vitamin C)
20.母性看護・産科看護むずかしい
An 18-year-old at 30 weeks has missed several antenatal visits. What is the most helpful nursing approach?
ADischarge her from antenatal care
BReport her to social services for missing visits
CTell her she is putting her baby at risk and must attend
DExplore barriers and offer flexible, youth-friendly care
21.小児看護ふつう
A child with a known peanut allergy is starting school. What is the most important step?
AAsking the child to tell the teachers if she feels unwell
BAllowing the child to eat only foods brought by classmates
CA written allergy action plan, with in-date auto-injectors and trained staff
DKeeping the auto-injector at home, so that it cannot be lost or misused by other children
22.小児看護むずかしい
The nurse has taught the parents of a child with epilepsy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll time the seizure and give the rescue medicine if it lasts too long."
B"I'll move hard objects away and put something soft under his head."
C"I'll put a spoon in his mouth so he doesn't bite or swallow his tongue."
D"When the jerking stops, I'll turn him onto his side."
23.精神看護ふつう
A woman has new anxiety, weight loss, a tremor, heat intolerance and a fast heart rate. Which test is most important before diagnosing an anxiety disorder?
AThyroid function tests
BSerum lithium level
CUrine drug screen only
DAn MRI of the knee
24.精神看護むずかしい
A man with schizophrenia who has been well for 2 years wants to stop his antipsychotic. Which approach best reflects recovery-oriented care?
ATell him he must take it for life and refuse to discuss it
BReport him to the police and his employer for non-adherence to treatment
CAdvise him to stop it suddenly on his own and see what happens over the next month
DDiscuss benefits and risks, decide together with the prescriber and agree a relapse plan
答え: A · A mechanical lift used by enough trained staff
これが答えになる理由
For a patient who cannot bear weight or help, a mechanical lift prevents injury to both patient and staff. Lifting under the arms can injure the shoulders, and pivot transfers need weight bearing.
答え
A · A mechanical lift used by enough trained staff
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Tell the charge nurse and ask for help or a change of assignment
これが答えになる理由
Accepting a task beyond one’s competence puts the patient at risk. The nurse explains the limit to the charge nurse, who can arrange help, training or reassignment.
答え
D · Tell the charge nurse and ask for help or a change of assignment
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · “I will swallow the tablet with a glass of water.”
これが答えになる理由
Sublingual tablets dissolve under the tongue and are absorbed quickly there. Sitting down reduces falls from low blood pressure, the tablets are protected from light and moisture, and headache is a common side effect.
答え
D · “I will swallow the tablet with a glass of water.”
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · A confused older adult at high risk of falls
これが答えになる理由
A confused patient at high risk of falls benefits from being close to staff, so they can be observed and helped quickly. The other patients are stable and independent.
答え
C · A confused older adult at high risk of falls
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Weight gain around the trunk, a rounded face and thin, easily bruised skin
これが答えになる理由
Excess cortisol causes central obesity, a moon face, thin skin, purple striae, muscle weakness and high glucose. The other options describe hyperthyroidism, Addison's disease and acromegaly.
答え
D · Weight gain around the trunk, a rounded face and thin, easily bruised skin
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · Cauda equina syndrome
これが答えになる理由
Saddle anaesthesia, bladder or bowel dysfunction and leg symptoms with back pain suggest cauda equina syndrome. It needs an emergency MRI and surgical review to prevent permanent loss of function.
答え: A · Acute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours
これが答えになる理由
KDIGO defines AKI as a creatinine rise of at least 0.3 mg/dL (26.5 µmol/L) within 48 hours, a rise to 1.5 times baseline within 7 days, or urine output below 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 hours. A result inside the reference range can still be a significant rise.
答え
A · Acute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours
11.薬理学
答え: B · Unusual vaginal bleeding or a painful swollen leg
これが答えになる理由
Tamoxifen has oestrogen-like effects on the uterus and clotting, increasing the risk of endometrial cancer and venous thromboembolism. Hot flushes are common and expected.
答え
B · Unusual vaginal bleeding or a painful swollen leg
答え: C · Regular sawtooth flutter waves between QRS complexes
これが答えになる理由
Atrial flutter is caused by a re-entry circuit in the right atrium, giving regular sawtooth flutter waves, often at about 300/min with 2:1 block (ventricular rate about 150/min). A chaotic baseline with irregular QRS is atrial fibrillation. Like AF, it carries a stroke risk.
答え
C · Regular sawtooth flutter waves between QRS complexes
答え: B · Older adults often show infection as confusion
これが答えになる理由
In older adults, infections such as UTI may present with delirium, falls or reduced mobility rather than dysuria or fever. Other causes of delirium must also be considered, and urine tests alone can mislead.
答え
B · Older adults often show infection as confusion
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: B · TURP syndrome from absorbed irrigation fluid
これが答えになる理由
In TURP syndrome, irrigating fluid is absorbed into the blood, causing fluid overload and dilutional hyponatraemia. Signs include confusion, nausea, bradycardia, hypertension and, if severe, seizures. It needs urgent medical treatment.
答え
B · TURP syndrome from absorbed irrigation fluid
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · High bilirubin with a markedly raised ALP and GGT
これが答えになる理由
Cholestasis raises alkaline phosphatase and gamma-GT, with conjugated bilirubin. Hepatocellular injury, such as hepatitis, mainly raises ALT and AST.
答え
B · High bilirubin with a markedly raised ALP and GGT
Prolonged vomiting depletes thiamine. Giving glucose without thiamine can trigger Wernicke encephalopathy, with confusion, ataxia and eye movement problems.
答え
C · Thiamine (vitamin B1)
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: D · Explore barriers and offer flexible, youth-friendly care
これが答えになる理由
Teenagers may miss care because of school, transport, fear or stigma. Asking about barriers and offering flexible, non-judgemental services improves attendance and outcomes.
答え
D · Explore barriers and offer flexible, youth-friendly care
21.小児看護
答え: C · A written allergy action plan, with in-date auto-injectors and trained staff
これが答えになる理由
Schools need an individual action plan describing symptoms and steps, staff trained to recognise anaphylaxis and give adrenaline, and auto-injectors that are always quickly available. Avoiding the allergen and not sharing food also help.
答え
C · A written allergy action plan, with in-date auto-injectors and trained staff
22.小児看護
答え: C · "I'll put a spoon in his mouth so he doesn't bite or swallow his tongue."
これが答えになる理由
Putting objects in the mouth can break teeth, injure the mouth or block the airway; the tongue cannot be swallowed. Timing the seizure, protecting from injury and placing the child on the side afterwards are correct.
答え
C · "I'll put a spoon in his mouth so he doesn't bite or swallow his tongue."
23.精神看護
答え: A · Thyroid function tests
これが答えになる理由
Hyperthyroidism can mimic anxiety with tremor, palpitations, weight loss and heat intolerance. Medical causes of psychiatric symptoms should always be considered.
答え
A · Thyroid function tests
24.精神看護
答え: D · Discuss benefits and risks, decide together with the prescriber and agree a relapse plan
これが答えになる理由
Recovery-oriented care values the person's choices and shared decision-making. Any change is planned with the prescriber, often by tapering slowly, with clear early warning signs and a plan for what to do if they appear.
答え
D · Discuss benefits and risks, decide together with the prescriber and agree a relapse plan
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: T = 35.4 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9、°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。°F から変換するときは、掛ける前に32を引きます。°C から変換するときは、掛けた後に32を足します。簡単な確認:37 °C は 98.6 °F で、1 °C ごとに 1.8 °F です。
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
投与量
10·30 = 300 mg
答え
D = 300 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: W = 450 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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