A patient with a weak left leg walks with a stick in the right hand. What is the correct sequence?
AMove the right leg first, then the stick, then the left leg
BMove the stick and the right leg together, then the left leg
CMove the stick and the left leg forward together, then the right leg
DMove both legs forward together first, then bring the stick level with them
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
無菌操作の代わりに「清潔」(非滅菌)操作でよいのはどんなときですか?
A経口薬の与薬など、体の無菌部位に入らない処置のとき
B手術室で新しい手術創の処置をするとき。ただし常に非滅菌手袋を着用していれば可
C尿道カテーテルを挿入するとき
D中心静脈カテーテルを挿入するとき
3.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A new antibiotic is prescribed for a patient. What should the nurse check before giving the first dose?
AOnly the time of the patient’s last meal and drink
BThe patient’s allergies, by checking the record and asking the patient
CThe patient’s preferred pharmacy
DOnly the patient’s blood pressure and pulse before giving the drug
4.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient receiving chemotherapy has an absolute neutrophil count of 400/mm3 (0.4 × 109/L) and a new temperature of 38.3 °C (100.9 °F). What should the nurse do?
AReport it at once, because fever with severe neutropenia is an emergency
BEncourage oral fluids and record the result in the chart
CRecheck the temperature in four hours before calling anyone about it
DGive an antipyretic and reassess at the next routine round
5.優先順位の決定と委任ふつう
A nurse cannot read part of a medication order. What should the nurse do?
AGive the usual dose of the drug the nurse thinks was meant
BContact the prescriber to clarify the order before giving the drug
CAsk another nurse to guess what the order most likely says, then give it
DSkip the drug and not tell anyone until the next ward round
6.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient on peritoneal dialysis has cloudy fluid draining out and abdominal pain. What does this most likely mean?
AConstipation that will settle with a laxative later today or tomorrow
BToo much fluid left in the abdomen after the drain
CA normal finding at the end of each exchange
DPeritonitis, which needs prompt reporting and a fluid sample
7.臨床看護学ふつう
Which statement about storing insulin is correct?
AAll insulin should be stored in the freezer to keep it fresh
BInsulin should be kept in direct sunlight
CInsulin never expires once opened
DUnopened insulin is kept in the fridge and must not be frozen
8.臨床看護学むずかしい
An older patient found on the floor after lying there for many hours has dark brown urine and a very high creatine kinase. What is the main risk?
AAcute kidney injury from rhabdomyolysis
BHypoglycaemia
CA urinary tract infection from lying in urine
DA stroke
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient has taken a proton pump inhibitor (such as omeprazole) for many years and now has muscle cramps and tremor. Which electrolyte is most likely to be low?
ASodium
BMagnesium
CPhosphate
DChloride
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient's AST is about twice the ALT, both moderately raised, and the GGT is high. Which cause is most likely?
AAcute viral hepatitis A
BAlcohol-related liver disease
CGallstone blocking the bile duct
DAcute myocardial infarction
11.薬理学ふつう
Which rule applies to intravenous potassium chloride?
AIt is given as a rapid IV push to correct low levels quickly
BIt must be diluted and given as an infusion, never as an IV push
CIt is mixed into blood products to save time
DIt may be given intramuscularly if there is no IV access
12.薬理学むずかしい
A patient on rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol develops a painful swollen big toe. Which drug is most likely responsible?
ARifampicin
BEthambutol
CIsoniazid
DPyrazinamide
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器ふつう
A patient takes both digoxin and furosemide. Why does the nurse watch the potassium level closely?
ALow potassium makes digoxin stop working completely
BHigh potassium is the main effect of furosemide
CLow potassium increases the risk of digoxin toxicity
答え: B · The patient’s allergies, by checking the record and asking the patient
これが答えになる理由
Before any new drug, the nurse checks recorded allergies and asks the patient directly about past reactions. The patient is then watched closely after the first dose.
答え
B · The patient’s allergies, by checking the record and asking the patient
4.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: A · Report it at once, because fever with severe neutropenia is an emergency
これが答えになる理由
Febrile neutropenia can progress to sepsis quickly. The nurse reports it immediately so cultures can be taken and antibiotics started without delay.
答え
A · Report it at once, because fever with severe neutropenia is an emergency
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: B · Contact the prescriber to clarify the order before giving the drug
これが答えになる理由
An unclear order must be clarified with the prescriber before the medication is given. Guessing or ignoring the order can harm the patient.
答え
B · Contact the prescriber to clarify the order before giving the drug
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Peritonitis, which needs prompt reporting and a fluid sample
これが答えになる理由
Cloudy effluent with abdominal pain is a classic sign of peritonitis, a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. The nurse reports it and sends a sample as prescribed so antibiotics can start.
答え
D · Peritonitis, which needs prompt reporting and a fluid sample
7.臨床看護学
答え: D · Unopened insulin is kept in the fridge and must not be frozen
これが答えになる理由
Unopened insulin is refrigerated; in-use pens or vials are usually kept at room temperature for a limited time stated by the manufacturer. Frozen or overheated insulin must be discarded.
答え
D · Unopened insulin is kept in the fridge and must not be frozen
8.臨床看護学
答え: A · Acute kidney injury from rhabdomyolysis
これが答えになる理由
Prolonged pressure on muscles causes rhabdomyolysis, releasing myoglobin and potassium. Myoglobin can block kidney tubules; treatment includes IV fluids and close monitoring of urine output and electrolytes.
An AST:ALT ratio of about 2:1 or more with a high GGT is typical of alcohol-related liver disease. In acute viral hepatitis ALT is usually higher than AST and often very high; bile-duct obstruction mainly raises ALP.
答え
B · Alcohol-related liver disease
11.薬理学
答え: B · It must be diluted and given as an infusion, never as an IV push
これが答えになる理由
Concentrated potassium given as a bolus can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias. It is always diluted and given at a controlled rate, usually with an infusion pump.
答え
B · It must be diluted and given as an infusion, never as an IV push
12.薬理学
答え: D · Pyrazinamide
これが答えになる理由
Pyrazinamide reduces uric acid excretion and can cause hyperuricaemia and gout. It is also hepatotoxic, like isoniazid and rifampicin.
答え
D · Pyrazinamide
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: C · Low potassium increases the risk of digoxin toxicity
これが答えになる理由
Digoxin binds to the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump at the site potassium normally uses. When potassium is low, more digoxin binds, so toxicity and arrhythmias become more likely. Loop diuretics commonly cause hypokalaemia, so the combination needs monitoring.
答え
C · Low potassium increases the risk of digoxin toxicity
答え: D · Wait to give the insulin until the meal arrives
これが答えになる理由
Rapid-acting insulin begins to work within about 15 minutes, so giving it without food risks hypoglycaemia. It is given just before or with the meal. Basal insulin is not affected by meal delays.
答え
D · Wait to give the insulin until the meal arrives
答え: C · Return of leg sensation and movement, and passing urine
これが答えになる理由
The nurse monitors the level of the block, recovery of leg movement and sensation, BP and bladder function. Urinary retention is common, and early mobilisation is only safe once motor function returns.
答え
C · Return of leg sensation and movement, and passing urine
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: B · Report it; this is hand-foot syndrome and treatment may need changing
これが答えになる理由
Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia (hand-foot syndrome) is common with capecitabine and fluorouracil. It is graded and may need a treatment break or dose reduction; emollients and avoiding heat and friction help.
答え
B · Report it; this is hand-foot syndrome and treatment may need changing
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Measuring and recording urine output
これが答えになる理由
Measuring and recording output can be delegated. The nurse assesses reflexes and breathing, interprets findings and manages the infusion.
答え: C · Holds the head steady when held upright, with little or no head lag
これが答えになる理由
By about 4 months most infants have good head control with little head lag when pulled to sit. Sitting without support comes at about 6–8 months, pulling to stand at about 9 months and first words at about 12 months.
答え
C · Holds the head steady when held upright, with little or no head lag
22.小児看護
答え: C · Fainting episodes with a very slow heart rate and low potassium
これが答えになる理由
Admission is considered for medical instability, such as marked bradycardia, low or postural blood pressure, fainting, hypothermia, electrolyte problems or refusal to eat. Medical risk is judged on the whole picture, not on weight alone.
答え
C · Fainting episodes with a very slow heart rate and low potassium
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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