A nurse teaches a patient with heart failure about self-care. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will take my water tablet in the morning."
B"I will report it if I need more pillows to sleep."
C"I only need to weigh myself once a month."
D"I will weigh myself each morning after passing urine."
9.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient has taken hydrochlorothiazide for several years. Which laboratory change is a recognized effect of this drug?
AA rise in serum potassium
BA fall in serum calcium
CA rise in serum uric acid
DA fall in blood glucose
10.検査値と電解質むずかしい
An older adult has bone pain, fatigue and frequent infections. Results show anemia, a calcium of 12.4 mg/dL (3.1 mmol/L), a raised total protein and a rising creatinine. Which condition should be suspected?
A patient with lung cancer develops swelling of the face and arms, distended neck and chest veins and breathlessness that is worse when bending forward. What is the most likely cause?
ASuperior vena cava obstruction
BAn allergic reaction to chemotherapy
CA deep vein thrombosis in the leg
DRight-sided heart failure
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓ふつう
Why does a patient with untreated hypothyroidism need extra care when given opioids or sedatives?
AThese drugs make the thyroid gland overactive
BThey clear the drugs too fast, so higher doses are needed
CThere is no difference compared with other patients
DThey break the drugs down slowly and are more sensitive to them
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓むずかしい
A patient on warfarin starts levothyroxine for hypothyroidism. What should the nurse expect to monitor more closely?
Ageing blunts thirst and reduces body water and the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine. Older patients often need to be offered and helped with drinks.
答え
A · Their sense of thirst is often reduced
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Preparation
これが答えになる理由
In preparation the person intends to act soon and has taken small steps, such as buying patches. Action begins when they actually stop smoking.
答え
D · Preparation
3.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · With routine hygiene, using soap and water during daily washing
これが答えになる理由
Routine perineal hygiene with soap and water is recommended. Antiseptic creams and routine irrigation do not reduce infection, and moving the catheter in and out carries organisms into the bladder.
答え
B · With routine hygiene, using soap and water during daily washing
答え: D · Assess the airway and call for urgent help
これが答えになる理由
Angioedema is a rare but dangerous effect of ACE inhibitors. The airway comes first: the nurse assesses breathing, calls for urgent help and holds the drug.
答え
D · Assess the airway and call for urgent help
6.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Heart rate 38/min and potassium 2.8 mEq/L
これが答えになる理由
Severe bradycardia and low potassium can cause fatal arrhythmias. The body-image beliefs and eating behaviors matter, but physiological safety comes first.
答え: C · "I only need to weigh myself once a month."
これが答えになる理由
Daily weights at the same time with the same scales detect fluid retention early. A rapid gain, worsening breathlessness or needing more pillows should be reported.
答え
C · "I only need to weigh myself once a month."
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · A rise in serum uric acid
これが答えになる理由
Thiazides reduce uric acid excretion and can trigger gout. They also tend to lower potassium, sodium and magnesium, raise calcium (by reducing its excretion) and raise blood glucose and lipids.確認に用いた資料:Hydrochlorothiazide · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)
答え
C · A rise in serum uric acid
10.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Multiple myeloma
これが答えになる理由
Multiple myeloma typically causes high calcium from bone destruction, kidney damage, anemia and bone lesions, plus a raised protein from a monoclonal antibody. Recurrent infections reflect poor production of normal antibodies.確認に用いた資料:Multiple Myeloma · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023)
A tumour in the mediastinum can compress the superior vena cava, causing swelling of the face, neck and arms, dilated veins on the chest and breathlessness. It is an oncological emergency. The patient is sat upright and given oxygen if hypoxic, and treatment may include a stent, steroids or radiotherapy.
答え
A · Superior vena cava obstruction
15.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · They break the drugs down slowly and are more sensitive to them
これが答えになる理由
In hypothyroidism, drug metabolism is slowed, and patients are more sensitive to sedatives and opioids. These drugs can cause respiratory depression and may even trigger myxoedema coma, so they are used with caution.
答え
D · They break the drugs down slowly and are more sensitive to them
16.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: D · The INR, because it may rise
これが答えになる理由
As thyroid function returns to normal, clotting factors are broken down faster, which increases the effect of warfarin. The INR is checked more often and the warfarin dose may need to be reduced.
If local anaesthetic spreads upwards, it can affect the arms, breathing muscles and cardiac nerves, causing hypotension and bradycardia. It is an emergency; help is called, and breathing and circulation are supported.
答え
D · A high spinal block
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: C · Labetalol
これが答えになる理由
Labetalol is a beta and alpha blocker and can cause bronchospasm, so it is avoided in asthma. Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, is often used instead.
答え
C · Labetalol
20.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · Fetal tachycardia and poor growth
これが答えになる理由
In Graves' disease, maternal antibodies can cross the placenta and cause fetal hyperthyroidism, with tachycardia, goitre and growth restriction. Antithyroid drugs also cross the placenta, so the fetus is monitored.
答え
A · Fetal tachycardia and poor growth
21.小児看護
答え: B · Count the apical pulse for a full minute
これが答えになる理由
In infants and children under about 2 years, the apical pulse is counted with a stethoscope for a full minute. Their rates are fast and may vary with breathing, so short counts are inaccurate.
答え: D · Patients often respond more to non-verbal messages than to the words used
これが答えになる理由
Posture, eye contact, facial expression and tone carry much of the message. When words and body language do not match, patients tend to believe the non-verbal message.
答え
D · Patients often respond more to non-verbal messages than to the words used
24.精神看護
答え: C · Protect him from ridicule, avoid arguing and focus on real activities
これが答えになる理由
Arguing or agreeing strengthens a delusion. The nurse protects the patient's dignity, responds to his feelings and focuses on real, present activities and concerns.
答え
C · Protect him from ridicule, avoid arguing and focus on real activities
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
1日の容量
120 mL/h × 24 h = 2880 mL
リットルで
V = 2880/1000 = 2.88 L
答え
V = 2.88 L
27.投与量の計算
答え: D = 55 mg
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
1 日の総量
10·22 = 220 mg
1 回あたり
D = 220/4 = 55 mg
答え
D = 55 mg
28.投与量の計算
答え: D = 270.2 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
体表面積
BSA = √(165·52/3600) = √2.383 = 1.544 m²
投与量
D = 175·1.544 = 270.2 mg
答え
D = 270.2 mg
29.点滴速度
答え: R = 162.2 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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