A patient with CKD has a potassium of 6.5 mmol/L. Which medicine combination is the most likely contributor?
AAmlodipine, simvastatin and aspirin
BParacetamol (acetaminophen), omeprazole and senna
CRamipril, spironolactone and trimethoprim
DFurosemide, salbutamol and insulin
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんふつう
Which drug class is used to reduce the risk of a first variceal bleed in cirrhosis?
ACalcium supplements
BProton pump inhibitors
CThiazide diuretics
DNon-selective beta-blockers
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がんむずかしい
An incontinent patient has diffuse, shiny, red and broken skin in the natal cleft and buttocks with irregular edges, not over a bony prominence. What is most likely?
A 12-year-old with asthma has been prescribed a preventer inhaler (inhaled corticosteroid) to take every day. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I rinse my mouth after using my preventer inhaler."
B"I use my spacer with my inhaler, even at school."
C"I stop taking my preventer inhaler whenever I've had a few good days."
D"I carry my reliever inhaler with me everywhere I go."
23.精神看護ふつう
A patient taking oxycodone for chronic pain has also been prescribed diazepam. What is the main safety concern?
AThe combination will cause high blood pressure
BThere is no interaction between these two drugs
CIncreased sedation and respiratory depression
DThe diazepam will block the pain-relieving effect of oxycodone
24.精神看護むずかしい
The parent of a 16-year-old taking a stimulant for ADHD says her son's friends keep asking him for his tablets. What should the nurse teach?
ASharing is fine as long as the friends are the same age
BStop the medicine so that there is no risk of sharing
CStore it securely and never share it, because stimulants are controlled drugs
DGive the friends a smaller dose if they ask, so that they do not have side effects
25.看護の計算と単位換算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 ある患者の身長は 4 ft 1 in です。1 ft = 12 in と 1 in = 2.54 cm を使って、身長 h をセンチメートルで、cm の整数に丸めて求めてください。
4 ft 1 in1 ft = 12 in1 in = 2.54 cm
h = cm
26.看護の計算と単位換算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 処方箋に、経口懸濁液 1日3回 を 1 tsp、14 日間と書かれています。1 tsp = 5 mL を用いて、全期間に必要な mL V はいくつですか。
1 tsp1日3回14 日1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
27.投与量の計算ふつう
体重 36 kg の子どもに、2.5 mg/kg の薬が処方されています。原液は 50 mg/mL を含みます。用量を吸い上げます:何 mL V を投与しますか?
36 kg2.5 mg/kg50 mg/mL
V = mL
28.投与量の計算むずかしい
体重 12 kg の子どもに、1 mL 中に 40 mg を含む経口懸濁液が一回 12.5 mg/kg で処方されています。与える量 V はいくらですか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
12 kg12.5 mg/kg40 mg/1 mL
V = mL
29.点滴速度ふつう
点滴が 15 滴/mL のセットで 30 滴/分で落ちています。患者は 2 時間に何ミリリットル V 受け取りますか?
30 gtt/min15 gtt/mL2 h
V = mL
30.点滴速度むずかしい
点滴が 20 滴/mL のセットで 32 滴/分で落ちています。バッグには 200 mL 残っています。あと何時間 t で空になりますか? 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
32 gtt/min20 gtt/mL200 mL
t = h
31.小児・集中治療の投与量計算ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 輸液には 100 mL 中に速効型インスリン 100 単位が含まれています。体重 92 kg の患者に 0.05 単位/kg/h の指示が出ています。ポンプの流量 R を mL/h で求めてください。 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
100 個/100 mL0.05 個/kg/h92 kg
R = mL/h
32.小児・集中治療の投与量計算むずかしい
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 体重 67 kg の患者に、norepinephrineを 8 mcg/min で投与する指示が出ています。バッグには 250 mL 中に 4 mg が含まれています。ポンプの流量 R を mL/h で求めてください。 小数第 1 位まで四捨五入してください。
4 mg/250 mL8 mcg/min67 kg
R = mL/h
33.輸液と水分出納ふつう
練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 記録は、ある患者の 12 時間勤務帯 1 回分の摂取量と排泄量を示しています。点滴は勤務帯の間ずっと表示の流量で投与されました。水分出納 B = 摂取量 − 排泄量 を mL で求めてください(負の答えは正味の喪失を意味します)。
答え: D · Notify the infection prevention team and place affected patients on contact precautions
これが答えになる理由
Early reporting lets infection prevention organize testing, cohorting, closing of the ward if needed, cleaning with suitable agents and soap-and-water hand hygiene. Moving patients around can spread the outbreak.
答え
D · Notify the infection prevention team and place affected patients on contact precautions
5.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Fecal impaction with liquid stool passing around it
これが答えになる理由
In fecal impaction, liquid stool from higher in the bowel leaks around the hard mass. Giving an antidiarrheal would make things worse; the nurse assesses and reports.
答え
A · Fecal impaction with liquid stool passing around it
These signs suggest inhalation injury, which can cause rapid airway swelling and obstruction. Early senior anaesthetic review is needed, as early intubation may be required. Carbon monoxide poisoning must also be considered.
答え
A · Airway swelling from inhalation injury
9.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Kidney function (creatinine clearance)
これが答えになる理由
Dabigatran is excreted mainly by the kidneys, so poor kidney function raises the drug level and bleeding risk. Kidney function is checked before starting and regularly afterwards. Routine INR monitoring is not used for direct oral anticoagulants.確認に用いた資料:Dabigatran · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
C · Kidney function (creatinine clearance)
10.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Stress hyperglycemia from acute illness
これが答えになる理由
Stress hormones and inflammation raise glucose in acute illness, even without diabetes. A normal HbA1c shows that glucose was normal over the previous months. Stress hyperglycemia is still treated, usually with insulin, because it worsens outcomes.確認に用いた資料:Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答え
A · Stress hyperglycemia from acute illness
11.薬理学
答え: A · Cumulative heart muscle damage leading to heart failure
これが答えになる理由
Anthracyclines such as doxorubicin can damage heart muscle, and the risk increases with cumulative dose. Heart function is assessed before and during treatment; the drug can also turn urine red.
答え
A · Cumulative heart muscle damage leading to heart failure
12.薬理学
答え: A · Agranulocytosis; stop the drug and check the white cell count urgently
これが答えになる理由
Thionamides can cause agranulocytosis, which leaves the patient unable to fight infection. Sore throat, fever or mouth ulcers need an urgent full blood count, and the drug is stopped while waiting.
答え
A · Agranulocytosis; stop the drug and check the white cell count urgently
13.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Tall, peaked T waves
これが答えになる理由
Rising potassium causes tall, tented T waves, then a flattened P wave, a prolonged PR interval and a widening QRS that can progress to ventricular fibrillation or asystole. U waves suggest hypokalaemia; a sawtooth baseline is atrial flutter.
ACE inhibitors and spironolactone reduce aldosterone effect, and trimethoprim blocks potassium secretion in the distal tubule. Together, in CKD, they can cause dangerous hyperkalaemia. Loop diuretics, salbutamol and insulin lower potassium.
答え
C · Ramipril, spironolactone and trimethoprim
17.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: D · Non-selective beta-blockers
これが答えになる理由
Non-selective beta-blockers such as propranolol or carvedilol reduce portal pressure and the risk of variceal bleeding. Endoscopic band ligation is an alternative or addition.
答え
D · Non-selective beta-blockers
18.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: A · Incontinence-associated dermatitis
これが答えになる理由
Incontinence-associated dermatitis is inflammation from urine or faeces, with diffuse redness and superficial erosion. It is managed with gentle cleansing, barrier products and managing incontinence, and is different from a pressure ulcer.
答え
A · Incontinence-associated dermatitis
19.母性看護・産科看護
答え: A · 妊娠 11~14 週ごろ
これが答えになる理由
NT は妊娠 11~14 週ごろに測定し、血液マーカーと組み合わせることが多いです。詳細な形態の超音波検査は、妊娠 18~22 週ごろに続きます。
答え: C · "I stop taking my preventer inhaler whenever I've had a few good days."
これが答えになる理由
Preventer (inhaled corticosteroid) inhalers reduce airway inflammation and must be taken daily as prescribed, even when the child feels well. Carrying a reliever, rinsing the mouth and using a spacer are correct.
答え
C · "I stop taking my preventer inhaler whenever I've had a few good days."
23.精神看護
答え: C · Increased sedation and respiratory depression
これが答えになる理由
Combining opioids with benzodiazepines greatly increases the risk of sedation, respiratory depression and death. Patients are monitored and taught to avoid alcohol and other sedatives.
答え
C · Increased sedation and respiratory depression
24.精神看護
答え: C · Store it securely and never share it, because stimulants are controlled drugs
これが答えになる理由
Stimulants can be diverted and misused for studying or recreation. They are controlled drugs, so secure storage, monitoring the number of tablets and not sharing them are important.
答え
C · Store it securely and never share it, because stimulants are controlled drugs
25.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: h = 124 cm
家庭用の計量と体重:看護の試験では丸めた換算値を使います。小さじ1(tsp)= 5 mL、大さじ1(tbsp)= 15 mL = 小さじ3、液量オンス1(fl oz)= 30 mL = 大さじ2、1カップ = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重は 1 kg = 2.2 lb、1 lb = 16 oz、長さは 1 インチ = 2.54 cm です。不要な単位が約分されて消えるように式を立ててください。
インチでの身長
4·12 + 1 = 49 in
インチからセンチメートルへ
h = 49·2.54 = 124.5 ≈ 124 cm
答え
h = 124 cm
26.看護の計算と単位換算
答え: V = 210 mL
次元解析:与えられた量を書き、それに分数で表した換算係数(例:60 min/1 h や 1 mg/1000 mcg)を掛けていきます。不要な単位が分子と分母に1回ずつ現れて約分されるようにします。求める単位だけが残ったら計算します。問題で与えられた換算値を使い、丸めるのは最終的な答えだけです。
投与量の計算:投与する量は、指示量を手元の薬の濃度で割り、その濃度が含まれる量を掛けたものです:投与量 =(指示量/原液の濃度)× 原液の量。単位は必ずそろえ(先に g を mg に、mg を mcg に換算)、答えが妥当か確認しましょう。
体重から求めた投与量
12.5·12 = 150 mg
体積
V = (150/40)·1 = 3.75 ≈ 3.8 mL
答え
V = 3.8 mL
29.点滴速度
答え: V = 240 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
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