A patient receiving IV magnesium sulfate for pre-eclampsia has absent knee reflexes and a respiratory rate of 10/min. What does the nurse do first?
ATurn the patient onto her back and recheck later
BIncrease the infusion to prevent a seizure
CStop the magnesium infusion and call for help
DGive oral fluids to help clear the drug faster
14.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A severely malnourished patient started nutrition two days ago and now has weakness and confusion. Which laboratory result should the nurse check first?
AThyroid hormone
BSerum cholesterol
CSerum amylase
DSerum phosphate
15.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A cup of water is spilled over an infusion pump plugged into the wall. What should the nurse do?
ATurn the pump upside down to drain it while running
BLeave it running and place a towel over it until it dries
CWipe it dry quickly with a towel and keep using it for the infusion
DSwitch it off and unplug it safely, then have it checked before reuse
16.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse teaches a patient about care of a surgical incision at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will keep the dressing clean and dry as I was shown.”
B“I will call the clinic if I get a fever or more pain around the wound.”
C“I will wash my hands with soap before I touch or change the dressing.”
D“If the wound gets red and drains pus, I will wait for my appointment next month.”
17.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient takes high-dose biotin supplements for hair and nails. Why should the nurse report this before blood tests?
ABiotin causes a true rise in blood glucose in all patients
BBiotin makes the blood clot in the tube before testing
CBiotin can distort some immunoassays, such as troponin or TSH
DBiotin lowers the hemoglobin by destroying the red cells
18.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A stable patient's hemoglobin has been 13–14 g/dL for days. Today's result is 8.2 g/dL, but the patient feels well, the vital signs are normal and there is no bleeding. What should the nurse suspect first?
AA sample taken from the wrong patient
BA normal day-to-day variation in Hb
CAcute bone marrow failure overnight
DSudden massive internal bleeding
3溶液
1.基礎看護学
答え: A · Lift them off the mattress with a pillow under the calves
これが答えになる理由
Heels have little padding and develop ulcers quickly. "Floating" them, with the support under the calves and the knee slightly bent, removes pressure from the heel.
答え
A · Lift them off the mattress with a pillow under the calves
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · Loop diuretics cause potassium loss, and low levels can cause arrhythmias
これが答えになる理由
Furosemide increases potassium loss in the urine. Hypokalaemia causes muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias, so the result is reported and replacement considered.
答え
D · Loop diuretics cause potassium loss, and low levels can cause arrhythmias
3.臨床看護学
答え: A · Report it, as statins can cause muscle damage
これが答えになる理由
Statins can cause myopathy and, rarely, rhabdomyolysis. Unexplained muscle symptoms should be reported so creatine kinase can be checked and the drug reviewed.
答え
A · Report it, as statins can cause muscle damage
4.臨床看護学
答え: B · Pre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
これが答えになる理由
Fluid loss reduces kidney perfusion, causing pre-renal AKI. Prompt fluid replacement can restore function before the kidney tissue itself is damaged.
答え
B · Pre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
2:1 房室ブロック:QRS 1 つに P 波が 2 つあるとき、伝導した P 波が連続しないので、伝導されなかった P 波の前で PR が延びるか(I 型)、一定か(II 型)を判断できません。1 枚の波形からは 2:1 房室ブロックと呼びます。型は、より長い波形や伝導比の変化で決まります。QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、どちらも決め手にはなりません。
5つのステップ
1. 心拍数:R–R = 小さいマス目 40 個、1500 ÷ 40 ≈ 38 回/分。
2. リズム:整。すべての R–R は 1.60 秒です。
3. P波:陽性で整(P–P 0.80 秒、75 回/分)。QRS 1つにつき2個あります。
4. PR 間隔:伝導された拍では 0.16 秒で一定です。
5. QRS:0.08 秒で幅が狭い(0.12 秒未満)。
型が決まらない理由
2 つに 1 つの P 波が伝導されないので、伝導した拍動が連続せず、PR の延長を確認できません。
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
答え
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、決め手になるのは、より長い波形か伝導比の変化だけです。
13.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Stop the magnesium infusion and call for help
これが答えになる理由
Loss of deep tendon reflexes and slow breathing suggest magnesium toxicity. The nurse stops the infusion, supports breathing and escalates; calcium gluconate is the antidote kept ready.
答え
C · Stop the magnesium infusion and call for help
14.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · Serum phosphate
これが答えになる理由
In refeeding syndrome, a sudden change to carbohydrate metabolism moves phosphate, potassium and magnesium into cells. Low phosphate can cause weakness, confusion, heart failure and breathing problems.
答え
D · Serum phosphate
15.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Switch it off and unplug it safely, then have it checked before reuse
これが答えになる理由
Liquid on electrical equipment can cause shock or failure. The device is turned off and unplugged without touching wet parts, the patient’s infusion is managed with another device, and the pump is checked by the biomedical team.
答え
D · Switch it off and unplug it safely, then have it checked before reuse
16.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · “If the wound gets red and drains pus, I will wait for my appointment next month.”
これが答えになる理由
Increasing redness, purulent drainage, fever and worsening pain are signs of surgical site infection and should be reported promptly. Waiting a month could allow the infection to spread.
答え
D · “If the wound gets red and drains pus, I will wait for my appointment next month.”
17.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Biotin can distort some immunoassays, such as troponin or TSH
これが答えになる理由
Many immunoassays use biotin-streptavidin binding, and high blood biotin levels can give falsely high or low results, for example a falsely low troponin or abnormal thyroid tests. The laboratory and prescriber should know about biotin use.確認に用いた資料:Troponin Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Biotin Interference with Troponin Lab Tests - Assays Subject to Biotin Interference · U.S. FDA (2022)
答え
C · Biotin can distort some immunoassays, such as troponin or TSH
18.検査値と電解質
答え: A · A sample taken from the wrong patient
これが答えになる理由
A sudden large change with no clinical change suggests a specimen error, such as wrong blood in the tube or dilution with IV fluid. The nurse assesses the patient, informs the provider and arranges a repeat sample with careful identification, while staying alert for true bleeding.