A patient's results: sodium 140 mEq/L, chloride 100 mEq/L, bicarbonate 12 mEq/L. What is the anion gap, and what does it suggest?
A40 mEq/L, a high anion gap
B12 mEq/L, a normal anion gap
C28 mEq/L, a high anion gap
D52 mEq/L, a very high anion gap
3溶液
1.基礎看護学
答え: A · Have the patient sit on the edge of the bed for a short time before standing
これが答えになる理由
After bed rest blood pressure may drop on standing. Sitting on the edge of the bed first, with the feet on the floor, lets the body adjust and lowers the risk of fainting and falls.
答え
A · Have the patient sit on the edge of the bed for a short time before standing
2.基礎看護学
答え: D · The patient has COPD and was admitted two days ago with pneumonia
これが答えになる理由
SBAR is Situation (why you are calling), Background (relevant history), Assessment (your findings) and Recommendation (what you need). Clear structure speeds up the response.
答え
D · The patient has COPD and was admitted two days ago with pneumonia
3.臨床看護学
答え: A · Take it with plain water on an empty stomach and stay upright for 30 minutes
これが答えになる理由
Alendronic acid must be taken with plain water before food, and the patient must stay upright to reduce oesophageal irritation. Food, milk and antacids reduce absorption.
答え
A · Take it with plain water on an empty stomach and stay upright for 30 minutes
4.臨床看護学
答え: D · 一部は過剰な酸素による高二酸化炭素性呼吸不全
これが答えになる理由
CO2 が貯留する患者に酸素を制御せずに与えると、高二酸化炭素血症と呼吸性アシドーシスが悪化することがあります。酸素は 88~92% に調整し、非侵襲的換気の可能性も含めて医師の診察を求めます。
答え: A · Hold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
これが答えになる理由
Vomiting, diarrhea and a coarse tremor suggest lithium toxicity. The nurse holds the dose and reports so a serum level can be checked; low salt or fluid intake raises lithium levels further.
答え
A · Hold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
14.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Drowsy with pinpoint pupils and a respiratory rate of 7/min
これが答えになる理由
Pinpoint pupils, drowsiness and slow breathing suggest opioid overdose, which can be fatal. Yawning, a runny nose, dilated pupils and cramps are signs of opioid withdrawal, which is distressing but rarely life-threatening.
答え
C · Drowsy with pinpoint pupils and a respiratory rate of 7/min
15.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: B · Discard it in front of a second licensed (registered) nurse, who witnesses and documents it
これが答えになる理由
Wasting controlled substances requires a witness, usually another licensed nurse, and both document the waste. This prevents and detects drug diversion.
答え
B · Discard it in front of a second licensed (registered) nurse, who witnesses and documents it
16.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Resources go first to those most likely to survive with treatment
これが答えになる理由
In disasters, triage shifts from treating the sickest first to saving the most lives with available resources. Expectant patients still receive comfort care and are reassessed as resources change.
答え
C · Resources go first to those most likely to survive with treatment
The anion gap is 140 − (100 + 12) = 28 mEq/L; a typical normal value is about 8–12 mEq/L when potassium is not included. A high anion gap metabolic acidosis suggests unmeasured acids, for example ketones in DKA or lactate in shock.確認に用いた資料:Anion Gap Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)