練習問題(数値は架空のもので、臨床上の指針ではありません)。 体重 95 kg の患者は、1日に体重1 kgあたり 1.2 g のたんぱく質を必要とします。経管栄養剤は1リットルあたり 40 g のたんぱく質を含み、1日 16 時間、75 mL/h で投与されます。 たんぱく質パウダーは1スクープあたり 10 g のたんぱく質を供給します。不足分を補うには、1日に何スクープ n が必要ですか。1スクープ単位に切り上げてください。
AA 60-year-old admitted for chest pain that has since been ruled out by tests
BA 30-year-old after an appendectomy who walks with steady steps
CA 45-year-old with asthma who is alert and independent
DAn 84-year-old taking a diuretic who has fallen before and gets up at night
14.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A competent adult patient refuses a blood transfusion for religious reasons. What should the nurse do?
ATell the patient that refusing treatment is not allowed in hospital
BGive the transfusion while the patient is asleep, because saving their life comes first
CRespect the refusal, check the patient understands the risks and inform the provider
DAsk the family to persuade the patient until they agree
15.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
A nurse’s hands are dry and cracked from frequent hand hygiene. What is the best approach?
AStop hand hygiene until the skin heals
BWear gloves all day instead of cleaning the hands between patients
CUse any lotion from home, whatever its contents
DUse the hand lotion approved by the facility to keep the skin intact
16.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
In a US hospital (CMS rules), a patient keeps pulling at an endotracheal tube, and alternatives have failed. The nurse applies wrist restraints in an emergency. What must happen next?
AKeep the restraints on without an order until the patient is calm
BAsk the family to sign a consent form instead of an order
CObtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy
DAsk the provider for a PRN restraint order to use as needed
17.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient starts high-dose prednisone. Which laboratory change should the nurse expect?
AA fall in the white cell count
BA fall in serum sodium
CA rise in serum potassium
DA rise in blood glucose
18.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with right upper abdominal pain from gallstones now has jaundice, a total bilirubin of 4.8 mg/dL (82 µmol/L) and a raised ALP. What is the most likely cause?
答え: C · Refeeding syndrome with low phosphate, potassium and magnesium
これが答えになる理由
When feeding restarts after starvation, insulin release drives phosphate, potassium and magnesium into the cells. Low levels can cause heart failure and arrhythmias, so feeding starts slowly and bloods are monitored.
答え
C · Refeeding syndrome with low phosphate, potassium and magnesium
3.臨床看護学
答え: B · Raise the concern through the local safeguarding (adult protection) procedure
これが答えになる理由
Financial abuse is a form of adult abuse. Nurses report concerns through safeguarding procedures, document facts accurately and involve the patient as appropriate.
答え
B · Raise the concern through the local safeguarding (adult protection) procedure
4.臨床看護学
答え: D · Postural hypotension
これが答えになる理由
A fall in systolic pressure of 20 mmHg or more (here 26 mmHg) on standing, especially with symptoms, indicates postural hypotension. Causes include medicines, dehydration and autonomic problems.
2:1 房室ブロック:QRS 1 つに P 波が 2 つあるとき、伝導した P 波が連続しないので、伝導されなかった P 波の前で PR が延びるか(I 型)、一定か(II 型)を判断できません。1 枚の波形からは 2:1 房室ブロックと呼びます。型は、より長い波形や伝導比の変化で決まります。QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、どちらも決め手にはなりません。
5つのステップ
1. 心拍数:R–R = 小さいマス目 44 個、1500 ÷ 44 ≈ 34 回/分。
2. リズム:整。すべての R–R は 1.76 秒です。
3. P波:陽性で整(P–P 0.88 秒、68 回/分)。QRS 1つにつき2個あります。
4. PR 間隔:伝導された拍では 0.16 秒で一定です。
5. QRS:0.08 秒で幅が狭い(0.12 秒未満)。
型が決まらない理由
2 つに 1 つの P 波が伝導されないので、伝導した拍動が連続せず、PR の延長を確認できません。
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
答え
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、決め手になるのは、より長い波形か伝導比の変化だけです。
13.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · An 84-year-old taking a diuretic who has fallen before and gets up at night
これが答えになる理由
A previous fall is one of the strongest risk factors. Older age, diuretics and getting up at night to urinate add further risk, so this patient needs fall precautions.
答え
D · An 84-year-old taking a diuretic who has fallen before and gets up at night
14.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: C · Respect the refusal, check the patient understands the risks and inform the provider
これが答えになる理由
Competent adults have the right to refuse treatment, even if it could save their life. The nurse makes sure the refusal is informed, informs the provider and documents it.
答え
C · Respect the refusal, check the patient understands the risks and inform the provider
15.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Use the hand lotion approved by the facility to keep the skin intact
これが答えになる理由
Cracked skin is harder to clean and harbors more organisms. Facility-approved lotions help keep the skin healthy without reducing the effect of hand antiseptics such as chlorhexidine.
答え
D · Use the hand lotion approved by the facility to keep the skin intact
16.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Obtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy
これが答えになる理由
Under US CMS rules, a nurse may apply a restraint first in an emergency, but an order from a licensed provider must be obtained promptly according to policy. PRN restraint orders are not allowed, and family consent does not replace an order. Other countries use different legal frameworks, but restraint is always a last resort that must be authorized, reviewed and documented.
答え
C · Obtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy
17.検査値と電解質
答え: D · A rise in blood glucose
これが答えになる理由
Glucocorticoids raise blood glucose by increasing glucose production and reducing insulin sensitivity. They also tend to lower potassium, retain sodium and raise the white cell count by releasing neutrophils into the blood.確認に用いた資料:Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
D · A rise in blood glucose
18.検査値と電解質
答え: D · A stone blocking the common bile duct
これが答えになる理由
A gallstone in the common bile duct (choledocholithiasis) obstructs bile flow, raising conjugated bilirubin and ALP. Fever with jaundice and pain suggests cholangitis, an emergency. Simple cholecystitis usually causes only mild liver test changes.確認に用いた資料:Choledocholithiasis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Cholangitis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)