A very anxious patient breathes rapidly for a long period. Which change is expected?
AMetabolic alkalosis from vomiting
BMetabolic acidosis from a low bicarbonate
CRespiratory acidosis from a high PaCO2
DRespiratory alkalosis from a low PaCO2
4.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient has a blood pressure of 220/130 mmHg with headache, confusion and visual disturbance. Why is the blood pressure lowered in a controlled way rather than as fast as possible?
ARapid lowering causes hyperglycaemia
BRapid lowering always causes the hypertension to come back much worse
CBlood pressure cannot be lowered with drugs
DA sudden drop can reduce blood flow to the brain, heart and kidneys
答え: D · Explain the risks, inform the doctor and document the discussion
これが答えになる理由
An adult with capacity can discharge themselves. The nurse explains the risks, involves the doctor, offers follow-up and documents the decision; detaining them would be unlawful.
答え
D · Explain the risks, inform the doctor and document the discussion
Hyperventilation blows off CO2, raising the pH. Symptoms can include tingling of the lips and fingers and lightheadedness.
答え
D · Respiratory alkalosis from a low PaCO2
4.臨床看護学
答え: D · A sudden drop can reduce blood flow to the brain, heart and kidneys
これが答えになる理由
In a hypertensive emergency, autoregulation in vital organs is reset to higher pressures. Lowering BP too fast can cause ischaemia, so it is reduced gradually under close monitoring.
答え
D · A sudden drop can reduce blood flow to the brain, heart and kidneys
答え: D · Speak calmly, keep a safe distance and invite him to talk about what is wrong
これが答えになる理由
Early verbal de-escalation, with a calm voice and a safe distance, is the first approach for rising agitation. Restraint is a last resort, and crowding the patient can make things worse.
答え
D · Speak calmly, keep a safe distance and invite him to talk about what is wrong
14.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · An infection, such as a urinary tract infection, presenting atypically
これが答えになる理由
Older adults often present with confusion or falls rather than fever when they have an infection. New confusion is a change that needs assessment for causes such as infection, dehydration or medication.
答え
D · An infection, such as a urinary tract infection, presenting atypically
答え: C · Lesions all at the same stage, most dense on the face and limbs
これが答えになる理由
In smallpox, lesions develop at the same stage in any one area and are densest on the face and extremities. In chickenpox, crops appear at different stages and are densest on the trunk.
答え
C · Lesions all at the same stage, most dense on the face and limbs
17.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Metformin
これが答えになる理由
Metformin is cleared by the kidneys, and it is contraindicated when the eGFR is below 30 mL/min/1.73 m² because of the risk of lactic acidosis. Insulin doses may also need adjustment, but insulin is not contraindicated.