Which infant with gastroenteritis should the nurse see first?
ALethargic, sunken fontanel, no wet diaper for 8 hours
BTwo loose stools today, feeding well
CMild diaper rash, otherwise playful
DAlert, crying with tears, had a wet diaper an hour ago
14.優先順位の決定と委任むずかしい
A patient with known abdominal aortic aneurysm suddenly has severe back pain, a pulsing mass in the abdomen and a falling blood pressure. What should the nurse do?
ACall for emergency help at once and prepare for urgent surgery
BGive an oral analgesic and reassess the patient in about one hour
CPalpate the mass firmly to check its size and spread
DEncourage the patient to walk to ease the back pain
15.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
Which part of a sterile surgical gown is considered sterile once it is on?
AOnly the back of the gown, which nobody touches
BThe front from the neck down to the knees
CThe front from chest to the level of the sterile field, and the sleeves
DThe whole gown, including the back, the collar and the area below the waist
16.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A nurse has a needlestick from a patient whose HIV and hepatitis status is unknown. What should happen?
ANothing, because the source patient is probably not infected
BThe nurse is assumed to be infected and stops all work
CThe source patient is tested per policy, and the nurse has baseline tests
DThe nurse waits six months before having any blood tests at all
17.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient with hepatic encephalopathy is receiving lactulose. Which finding best shows that the treatment is effective?
ASix to eight watery stools a day with dizziness
BA rising serum ammonia with a slower flapping tremor
CTwo to three soft stools a day and clearer thinking
DNo bowel movement for 2 days and calm sleep
18.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient has a continuous heparin infusion for a pulmonary embolism. A new nurse plans to adjust the infusion using today's INR of 1.1. What should the experienced nurse explain?
AThe INR is the correct test, and 1.1 means heparin is therapeutic
BHeparin needs no laboratory monitoring once the infusion is started
CThe INR of 1.1 means the heparin rate must be doubled at once
DHeparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR
3溶液
1.基礎看護学
答え: B · Wait about 15–30 minutes, as the reading may be falsely low
これが答えになる理由
Hot or cold drinks, eating and smoking change the temperature in the mouth for a while. The nurse waits 15–30 minutes or uses another site.
答え
B · Wait about 15–30 minutes, as the reading may be falsely low
答え: A · Bending the hip beyond 90 degrees or crossing the legs
これが答えになる理由
Hip flexion past 90°, crossing the legs and turning the leg inwards can dislocate the hip after a posterior approach. Raised seats and toilet seats help, although specific precautions vary between units.
答え
A · Bending the hip beyond 90 degrees or crossing the legs
4.臨床看護学
答え: A · Without any insulin they can develop diabetic ketoacidosis
これが答えになる理由
People with type 1 diabetes make no insulin, so stopping it causes ketosis and DKA. Basal insulin is usually continued, often with a variable-rate insulin infusion and glucose monitoring.
答え
A · Without any insulin they can develop diabetic ketoacidosis
2:1 房室ブロック:QRS 1 つに P 波が 2 つあるとき、伝導した P 波が連続しないので、伝導されなかった P 波の前で PR が延びるか(I 型)、一定か(II 型)を判断できません。1 枚の波形からは 2:1 房室ブロックと呼びます。型は、より長い波形や伝導比の変化で決まります。QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、どちらも決め手にはなりません。
5つのステップ
1. 心拍数:R–R = 小さいマス目 42 個、1500 ÷ 42 ≈ 36 回/分。
2. リズム:整。すべての R–R は 1.68 秒です。
3. P波:陽性で整(P–P 0.84 秒、71 回/分)。QRS 1つにつき2個あります。
4. PR 間隔:伝導された拍では 0.16 秒で一定です。
5. QRS:0.12 秒で幅広(0.12 秒以上)。
型が決まらない理由
2 つに 1 つの P 波が伝導されないので、伝導した拍動が連続せず、PR の延長を確認できません。
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
答え
2:1 房室ブロック(型は特定不能)
QRS の幅が狭ければ I 型の可能性が高く、広ければ II 型の可能性が高いのですが、決め手になるのは、より長い波形か伝導比の変化だけです。
13.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Lethargic, sunken fontanel, no wet diaper for 8 hours
これが答えになる理由
Lethargy, a sunken fontanel and no urine for hours suggest severe dehydration, which can lead to shock in infants. The other infants are well hydrated.
答え
A · Lethargic, sunken fontanel, no wet diaper for 8 hours
14.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: A · Call for emergency help at once and prepare for urgent surgery
これが答えになる理由
Sudden severe back or abdominal pain with hypotension in a patient with an aneurysm suggests rupture, which is fatal without urgent surgery. The mass should not be palpated firmly.
答え
A · Call for emergency help at once and prepare for urgent surgery
15.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · The front from chest to the level of the sterile field, and the sleeves
これが答えになる理由
Only the front of the gown from chest to the level of the sterile field and the sleeves from above the elbow to the cuffs are sterile. The back, the neckline and anything below the sterile field are non-sterile.
答え
C · The front from chest to the level of the sterile field, and the sleeves
16.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · The source patient is tested per policy, and the nurse has baseline tests
これが答えになる理由
After first aid and reporting, the source patient is tested according to law and policy, and the nurse has baseline testing. A rapid risk assessment decides whether HIV prophylaxis is started while results are awaited.
答え
C · The source patient is tested per policy, and the nurse has baseline tests
17.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Two to three soft stools a day and clearer thinking
これが答えになる理由
Lactulose acidifies the colon, traps ammonia and speeds its removal, so the goal is usually about 2–3 soft stools a day with improving mental status. Too much lactulose can cause severe diarrhea, dehydration and electrolyte loss.確認に用いた資料:Lactulose · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
C · Two to three soft stools a day and clearer thinking
18.検査値と電解質
答え: D · Heparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR
これが答えになる理由
Unfractionated heparin infusions are adjusted using the aPTT or anti-factor Xa level according to protocol. The INR monitors warfarin and is little affected by heparin at usual doses. Using the wrong test can cause under- or over-anticoagulation.確認に用いた資料:Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Prothrombin Time Test and INR (PT/INR) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答え
D · Heparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR