Which part of the stethoscope is best for hearing low-pitched sounds such as some heart murmurs?
AThe bell, pressed firmly on the skin
BThe diaphragm, pressed firmly on the skin
CThe bell, placed lightly on the skin
DThe earpieces turned backwards
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient with severe anaemia has an SpO₂ of 98%. Why can this reading be misleading?
AAnaemia damages the light sensor of the oximeter
BThe red cells present are saturated, but the blood carries little oxygen
CAnaemia makes the oximeter read about 10% higher than the true saturation
DPatients with anaemia always have a low true saturation
3.臨床看護学ふつう
Which finding with a groin hernia needs urgent surgical review?
AThe lump has been present for several years without pain
BThe lump gets bigger when the patient coughs
CThe lump disappears completely when the patient lies down flat
DThe lump has become painful and tender and cannot be pushed back
4.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient faints during cannulation, with a slow pulse and pallor, and recovers quickly when laid flat. There is no rash, wheeze or swelling. What is most likely?
A patient’s serum potassium is 6.1 mEq/L. Which of the patient’s medications should the nurse question first?
AOmeprazole
BFurosemide
CHydrochlorothiazide
DSpironolactone
15.感染管理と患者の安全ふつう
In the US (EPA/OSHA) hazmat system, which level of PPE gives the highest level of protection?
ALevel C
BLevel B
CLevel A
DLevel D
16.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
A patient with pulmonary tuberculosis has been on treatment. Which findings usually allow airborne isolation to end?
AThe cough has stopped, even with no sputum tests
BOne negative chest x-ray after starting treatment
CThe patient has been in hospital for one week and has taken every dose of medicine
DThree negative sputum smears, clinical improvement and continued therapy
17.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient has weight loss, tremor and heat intolerance. Which thyroid test pattern fits Graves disease?
AHigh TSH with a low free T4
BLow TSH with a high free T4
CNormal TSH with a low free T4
DHigh TSH with a normal free T4
18.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with schizophrenia drinks very large amounts of water each day. Sodium is 121 mEq/L, and the urine is very dilute (urine osmolality 70 mOsm/kg). Which explanation fits best?
APrimary (psychogenic) polydipsia
BCentral diabetes insipidus
CSyndrome of inappropriate ADH
DHyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
3溶液
1.基礎看護学
答え: C · The bell, placed lightly on the skin
これが答えになる理由
The bell picks up low-pitched sounds and must be held lightly. The diaphragm, pressed firmly, is used for high-pitched sounds such as normal breath, bowel and heart sounds.
答え
C · The bell, placed lightly on the skin
2.基礎看護学
答え: B · The red cells present are saturated, but the blood carries little oxygen
これが答えになる理由
SpO₂ shows the percentage of haemoglobin that carries oxygen, not how much haemoglobin there is. With very little haemoglobin the oxygen content of the blood can be low despite a normal saturation.
答え
B · The red cells present are saturated, but the blood carries little oxygen
3.臨床看護学
答え: D · The lump has become painful and tender and cannot be pushed back
これが答えになる理由
An irreducible, painful, tender hernia, especially with vomiting, suggests incarceration or strangulation. This is a surgical emergency because the trapped bowel can become ischaemic.
答え
D · The lump has become painful and tender and cannot be pushed back
4.臨床看護学
答え: A · Vasovagal syncope
これが答えになる理由
Vasovagal syncope is a reflex drop in heart rate and blood pressure triggered by pain, fear or needles. Anaphylaxis would usually include skin, airway or breathing features and a fast pulse.
Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic and can raise potassium further. Furosemide and thiazides tend to lower potassium, and omeprazole does not usually affect it.
答え
D · Spironolactone
15.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: C · Level A
これが答えになる理由
Level A is a fully encapsulating, vapor-tight suit with self-contained breathing apparatus, used for unknown or highly toxic agents. Level D is ordinary work clothing with minimal protection.
答え
C · Level A
16.感染管理と患者の安全
答え: D · Three negative sputum smears, clinical improvement and continued therapy
これが答えになる理由
Airborne precautions usually continue until the patient is on effective therapy, is improving clinically and has three negative sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli, according to policy.
答え
D · Three negative sputum smears, clinical improvement and continued therapy
17.検査値と電解質
答え: B · Low TSH with a high free T4
これが答えになる理由
In Graves disease, antibodies stimulate the thyroid to make too much hormone. The high free T4 suppresses TSH from the pituitary through negative feedback, so TSH is low. A high TSH with a low T4 fits primary hypothyroidism.確認に用いた資料:TSH test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Thyroxine (T4) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Graves disease · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答え
B · Low TSH with a high free T4
18.検査値と電解質
答え: A · Primary (psychogenic) polydipsia
これが答えになる理由
In primary polydipsia, ADH is appropriately suppressed, so the kidneys make very dilute urine, but the intake exceeds what they can excrete. In SIADH the urine is inappropriately concentrated. Fluid restriction and close sodium monitoring are needed.確認に用いた資料:Osmolality urine test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)