How should the ear be positioned when taking a tympanic temperature in an adult?
AGently pull the outer ear up and back
BPush the outer ear forward against the cheek
CLeave the ear alone and insert the probe deeply
DGently pull the outer ear down and back
2.基礎看護学むずかしい
A patient's potassium result is 6.8 mmol/L (6.8 mEq/L). Why is this urgent?
AIt is normal for patients after surgery
BHigh potassium causes only mild muscle cramps that settle without treatment
CVery high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
DIt means the patient urgently needs more potassium
3.臨床看護学ふつう
Which side effects are common after high doses of salbutamol (albuterol)?
ABradycardia and drowsiness
BHair loss and weight gain
CTremor and a fast heart rate
DConstipation and urinary retention
4.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient two days after abdominal surgery coughs and says something "gave way". The wound has opened and bowel is visible. What should the nurse do first?
AGently push the bowel back into the abdomen and tape the wound edges firmly closed
BApply dry gauze tightly and ask the patient to keep coughing
CSit the patient fully upright and offer a hot drink
DCover the wound with sterile, saline-moistened dressings and get urgent surgical help
A patient on a general ward for two days is found to have smear-positive pulmonary TB. What should the nurse do besides moving the patient to an airborne isolation room?
AClose the ward to all new admissions for a full year
BTell all the exposed patients to start TB drugs at once, before any testing
CNothing more, because the patient has now been isolated
DInform infection prevention so exposed patients and staff can be identified and followed up
A patient with cirrhosis and ascites has fever and abdominal tenderness. The ascitic fluid neutrophil count is 400 cells/mm³. What does this indicate?
ABleeding into the abdominal cavity
BMalignant ascites from cancer
CSpontaneous bacterial peritonitis
DNormal ascitic fluid in cirrhosis
3溶液
1.基礎看護学
答え: A · Gently pull the outer ear up and back
これが答えになる理由
Pulling the pinna up and back straightens the adult ear canal so the probe points at the eardrum. In young children the pinna is pulled down and back instead.
答え
A · Gently pull the outer ear up and back
2.基礎看護学
答え: C · Very high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
これが答えになる理由
Severe hyperkalaemia can cause cardiac arrest. The result is escalated at once; an ECG and treatment follow, and a repeat sample checks whether the result was falsely raised.
答え
C · Very high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
3.臨床看護学
答え: C · Tremor and a fast heart rate
これが答えになる理由
Salbutamol is a beta2-agonist and can cause tremor, tachycardia and palpitations. High doses can also lower serum potassium.
答え
C · Tremor and a fast heart rate
4.臨床看護学
答え: D · Cover the wound with sterile, saline-moistened dressings and get urgent surgical help
これが答えになる理由
Evisceration is a surgical emergency. The exposed bowel is covered with sterile moist dressings, the patient is positioned to reduce tension on the abdomen (for example knees bent), kept nil by mouth and reviewed urgently.
答え
D · Cover the wound with sterile, saline-moistened dressings and get urgent surgical help
答え: C · The patient’s current condition, recent changes and pending tasks
これが答えになる理由
Effective handover covers the current status, changes, risks and outstanding tasks, often using a structure such as SBAR. Opinions and unrelated details distract from what matters.
答え
C · The patient’s current condition, recent changes and pending tasks
14.優先順位の決定と委任
答え: D · 大腿動脈からの心臓カテーテル検査の 1 時間後:新たな背部痛、脈拍 118 回/分、血圧 92/58 mmHg
答え: D · Inform infection prevention so exposed patients and staff can be identified and followed up
これが答えになる理由
Infection prevention and public health carry out a contact investigation to identify and screen people exposed while the patient was not isolated. Treatment of contacts depends on their test results.
答え
D · Inform infection prevention so exposed patients and staff can be identified and followed up
17.検査値と電解質
答え: A · ワルファリンの投与を保留し、処方者に知らせる
これが答えになる理由
INR 5.2 は目標を大きく上回り、出血のリスクを高めます。看護師は投与を保留し、出血の徴候を確認し、処方者に知らせます。処方者は、減量またはビタミン K を処方することがあります。
答え
A · ワルファリンの投与を保留し、処方者に知らせる
18.検査値と電解質
答え: C · Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
これが答えになる理由
An ascitic neutrophil count of 250 cells/mm³ or more indicates spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, which is treated with antibiotics. It can occur without classic signs, so new confusion or worsening kidney function in cirrhosis should also prompt a diagnostic paracentesis.