24 時間で患者の摂取量は 2400 mL、測定した排出量の合計は 1800 mL です。水分出納はいくつですか?
Aプラス 4200 mL
B両方の値が多いので釣り合っている
Cプラス 600 mL
Dマイナス 600 mL
3.臨床看護学ふつう
Which is a major risk factor for Clostridioides difficile infection?
ARegular exercise
BRecent broad-spectrum antibiotic use
CTaking regular paracetamol
DA diet high in fibre and fresh fruit
4.臨床看護学むずかしい
A patient with lung cancer develops swelling of the face and arms, distended neck veins and breathlessness that is worse lying down. What should be suspected?
During routine handwashing with soap and water (medical asepsis), how are the hands held?
AHigher than the elbows, so water runs down the arms
BTouching the inside of the sink for support
CLower than the elbows, so water runs off the fingertips
DLevel with the shoulders, away from the sink
16.感染管理と患者の安全むずかしい
患者にハイリスク薬が持続注入で投与されています。申し送りのとき、最も安全な実践はどれですか?
A勤務を始める看護師が、勤務の終わりに確認する
B両方の看護師が、ポンプとバッグを処方と照らし合わせて確認する
C勤務を終える看護師が、詰所で「ポンプは問題ありません」と言う
D速度だけを確認し、薬や濃度は確認しない
17.検査値と電解質ふつう
A patient is scheduled for a liver biopsy. Which laboratory results should the nurse check before the procedure?
ASerum sodium and chloride
BPlatelet count and PT/INR
CTSH and free T4
DHbA1c and lipid panel
18.検査値と電解質むずかしい
A patient with right upper abdominal pain from gallstones now has jaundice, a total bilirubin of 4.8 mg/dL (82 µmol/L) and a raised ALP. What is the most likely cause?
2400 − 1800 = +600 mL で、プラスバランスです。汗や呼吸などの不感蒸泄は測定されないため、実際の出納は表に示されるより少なくなります。
答え
C · プラス 600 mL
3.臨床看護学
答え: B · Recent broad-spectrum antibiotic use
これが答えになる理由
Broad-spectrum antibiotics disrupt normal gut flora, letting C. difficile overgrow. Older age, hospital stay and proton pump inhibitors also increase the risk.
答え
B · Recent broad-spectrum antibiotic use
4.臨床看護学
答え: D · Superior vena cava obstruction
これが答えになる理由
Superior vena cava obstruction prevents venous drainage from the head and arms. It is an oncological emergency; patients are positioned upright and need urgent specialist treatment.
答え: C · Lower than the elbows, so water runs off the fingertips
これが答えになる理由
For routine handwashing, hands are held lower than the elbows so dirty water flows off the fingertips into the sink, not up the arms. For a surgical scrub, the opposite applies.
答え
C · Lower than the elbows, so water runs off the fingertips
Liver biopsy carries a risk of bleeding, and liver disease often lowers platelets and clotting factors. Platelets and PT/INR are checked beforehand, and abnormal results are reported so they can be corrected or the procedure postponed.
答え
B · Platelet count and PT/INR
18.検査値と電解質
答え: D · A stone blocking the common bile duct
これが答えになる理由
A gallstone in the common bile duct (choledocholithiasis) obstructs bile flow, raising conjugated bilirubin and ALP. Fever with jaundice and pain suggests cholangitis, an emergency. Simple cholecystitis usually causes only mild liver test changes.