A patient who had a stroke has a weak swallow. Which measure most reduces the risk of aspiration pneumonia?
AA swallowing assessment and sitting upright for meals
BGiving meals while the patient is drowsy
CGiving thin fluids quickly through a straw between meals
DLying flat for 30 minutes after eating to aid digestion
8.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器むずかしい
Four hours after abdominal surgery, a patient's heart rate has risen from 84 to 122/min and they are restless and pale. BP is still 118/76 mmHg, and the surgical drain is filling with blood. What should the nurse conclude?
AThe drain is working well, so no action is needed
BEarly haemorrhagic shock is likely, so escalate urgently
CThe tachycardia is from pain and needs only analgesia
DThe patient is stable because the blood pressure is normal
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2、英国王立内科医協会 2017年):7つのパラメータ(呼吸数、スケール1での SpO₂、空気吸入か酸素投与か、収縮期血圧、脈拍、ACVPU スケールによる意識、体温)をそれぞれチャートで採点し、合計します。臨床的リスク:0~4は低い、1つのパラメータでも3点なら低~中、5~6は中等度、7以上は高い。合計5点以上では緊急の対応が必要です。
各項目を採点する
RR 12/min → 0
SpO₂ 86% → 3
空気吸入 → 0
SBP 112 mmHg → 0
HR 44/min → 1
意識清明 (A) → 0
T 37.2 °C → 0
合計点と赤の点数(単独で3点)
NEWS2 = 0 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 = 4
少なくとも1つのパラメータが3点です。
リスク群
低~中
答え
低~中
単独で3点がある場合は、合計が低くても緊急の診察が必要です。
7.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · A swallowing assessment and sitting upright for meals
これが答えになる理由
Patients with dysphagia need a formal swallowing assessment, food and fluid textures that are safe for them, sitting upright during and after meals and close supervision. Good oral hygiene also reduces the bacterial load that can be aspirated.
答え
A · A swallowing assessment and sitting upright for meals
8.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: B · Early haemorrhagic shock is likely, so escalate urgently
これが答えになる理由
Rising heart rate, restlessness, pallor and visible bleeding are signs of compensated haemorrhagic shock. Waiting for hypotension delays treatment. The nurse escalates urgently, gives oxygen, ensures IV access and anticipates bloods, fluids or blood products and surgical review.
答え
B · Early haemorrhagic shock is likely, so escalate urgently