Dot product:a·b = axbx + ayby + azbz = |a|·|b|·cos θ, a scalar. It gives the angle between two vectors, cos θ = a·b/(|a|·|b|), and it is zero when they are perpendicular. The scalar projection of a onto b is a·b/|b|, and a constant force F moving through a displacement d does work W = F·d.
内積
a·b = (−1)·4 + 5·(−1) + (−4)·0 = −9
大きさ
|a| = √((−1)² + 5² + (−4)²) = 6.481
|b| = √(4² + (−1)² + 0²) = 4.123
位相角
cos θ = −9/(6.481·4.123) = −0.3368
θ = arccos(−0.3368) = 109.7°
答え
θ = 109.7°
2.ベクトル:内積と外積
答え: A = 14.04 m²
Cross product:a × b = (aybz − azby, azbx − axbz, axby − aybx) is perpendicular to both vectors, and |a × b| = |a|·|b|·sin θ is the area of the parallelogram they span (the triangle has half of it). Order matters: b × a = −(a × b). The moment of a force F applied at point A about point O is MO = r × F, with r = A − O.
MA = 0, MB = 39.33, MC = 78.67, MD = 110, ME = 125.3 kN·m, MF = 62.67, MG = 0
答え
点 E: ME = 125.3 kN·m
10.せん断力と曲げモーメント
答え: xc = 4.55 m
断面法:内力を求めたい位置ではりを切断し、片側を残します。せん断力 V はその側の鉛直力と、曲げモーメント M はそれらの切断面まわりのモーメントとつり合います。 最大曲げモーメント:dM/dx = V なので、曲げモーメントはせん断力が 0 を通過する位置、つまり集中荷重の位置か分布荷重の区間内で最大になります。