Dot product:a·b = axbx + ayby + azbz = |a|·|b|·cos θ, a scalar. It gives the angle between two vectors, cos θ = a·b/(|a|·|b|), and it is zero when they are perpendicular. The scalar projection of a onto b is a·b/|b|, and a constant force F moving through a displacement d does work W = F·d.
内積
a·b = 6·3 + (−3)·5 + 2·(−3) = −3
大きさ
|a| = √(6² + (−3)² + 2²) = 7
|b| = √(3² + 5² + (−3)²) = 6.557
位相角
cos θ = −3/(7·6.557) = −0.06536
θ = arccos(−0.06536) = 93.75°
答え
θ = 93.75°
2.ベクトル:内積と外積
答え: Mx = 140 N·m
Cross product:a × b = (aybz − azby, azbx − axbz, axby − aybx) is perpendicular to both vectors, and |a × b| = |a|·|b|·sin θ is the area of the parallelogram they span (the triangle has half of it). Order matters: b × a = −(a × b). The moment of a force F applied at point A about point O is MO = r × F, with r = A − O.
O から A への位置ベクトル
r = A − O = (−2, −2, 3) − (0, 0, 0) = (−2, −2, 3) m
MA = 0, MB = 20.83, MC = 41.67, MD = 62.5, ME = 83.33 kN·m, MF = 49.17, MG = 0
答え
点 E: ME = 83.33 kN·m
10.せん断力と曲げモーメント
答え: Mmax = 27 kN·m
断面法:内力を求めたい位置ではりを切断し、片側を残します。せん断力 V はその側の鉛直力と、曲げモーメント M はそれらの切断面まわりのモーメントとつり合います。 最大曲げモーメント:dM/dx = V なので、曲げモーメントはせん断力が 0 を通過する位置、つまり集中荷重の位置か分布荷重の区間内で最大になります。