読解(入学試験)
解き方
- 先に設問を読んで、何を探すかをつかみます。
- 文章をざっと読んで、話題と要点をつかみます。最初か最後の文に書かれていることがよくあります。
- 設問の答えになるまさにその箇所に戻ります。
- 推論では、手がかりが最も強く裏づける選択肢を選び、それ以上に踏み込んだものは選びません。
- ラベルや表では、当てはまる規則をすべて適用し、簡単な計算を慎重に行います。
公式集、全トピックの解法の要点、16 問の演習問題。完全な解答は巻末にあります。
“The vet told the Lees that their dog was overweight. She advised smaller meals, fewer treats and a longer walk each day.” What can you conclude about the vet’s advice?
The writer argues: “We should not build the new road. It will destroy the old forest, and the traffic it saves will last only until more cars fill it.” Which piece of evidence would most strengthen the writer’s argument?
折れ線グラフは、0 時間目から 10 時間目まで、2 時間ごとの屋外の気温を示しています。 隣り合う 2 つの測定値(2 時間間隔)の間で、最大の増加量 Δ はいくつでしたか?
2 2/3 × 2 2/3 を計算せよ。最も簡単な形の答えをクリックしてください。
膀胱の内面を覆う上皮はどれですか?
吸い込んだ異物が左主気管支より右主気管支に詰まりやすいのはなぜですか?
心臓の自然なペースメーカーはどこにありますか?
原発性副腎皮質機能低下症(アジソン病)で予想される組み合わせはどれですか?
Which is the correct way to write the scientific name of the gut bacterium?
People who carry one sickle cell allele are more resistant to malaria. Why is the allele common in regions where malaria is widespread?
A piece of metal has a density of 8 g/cm³ and a volume of 5 cm³. What is its mass?
At room temperature chlorine (Cl₂) is a gas, bromine (Br₂) is a liquid and iodine (I₂) is a solid. What best explains this trend?
Which number is written correctly in words?
A paragraph argues that hand washing prevents infection. Which sentence does not belong in it?
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The patient was incontinent of urine during the night.”
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The patient reported hallucinations during the night.”
答え: C · It aims to help the dog lose weight.
The dog was overweight, and smaller meals, fewer treats and more exercise are ways to help it lose weight.
答え: C · Studies showing new roads often fill with more traffic
Evidence that new roads tend to attract more traffic directly supports the writer’s claim that any time saved would not last. A forest that few people visit would, if anything, weaken the case.
答え: Δ = 2 °C
グラフと表の読み方:まずタイトル、項目、目盛りを読みます。棒グラフや折れ線グラフでは、棒の上端や点から縦軸まで横にたどります。目盛り線 1 本が、目盛りの 1 区切りです。円グラフは全体に対する部分を示し、p% の扇形は全体の p% で、角度は 360° の p% です。
答え: 7 1/9
分数の掛け算と割り算:まず帯分数を仮分数にします(2 1/3 = 7/3)。掛け算は、分子どうし、分母どうしを掛けます。割り算は、最初の分数はそのままにして、÷ を × に変え、2 番目の分数をひっくり返します(逆数を掛けます)。共通の因数を約分し、結果は最も簡単な形で帯分数にします。
答え: B · 移行上皮(尿路上皮)
移行上皮は膀胱が伸びるにつれて丸い細胞から扁平な細胞へと形を変えられ、しかも水を通しません。
答え: D · 右気管支の方が太く、短く、より垂直に近いため
右主気管支は太く短く、気管とほぼ一直線に続いているため、誤嚥した異物はそちらに落ちやすくなります。
答え: B · 洞房結節
洞房結節は最も速い頻度で自発的に脱分極し、心拍のリズムを決めます。房室結節は興奮を心室へ伝える前に遅らせます。
答え: D · ナトリウムが低く、カリウムが高く、ACTH が高い
アルドステロンが失われるとナトリウムが失われ、カリウムが保持されます。コルチゾールが低いと負のフィードバックがなくなるため、ACTH が上昇し、皮膚の色素沈着を起こすことがあります。
答え: C · Escherichia coli
Scientific names are written in italics (or underlined by hand), with the genus first and capitalised and the species name second in lower case. It can be shortened to E. coli after first use.
答え: B · Natural selection favours the heterozygotes there
Heterozygotes are protected against malaria and do not have sickle cell disease, so they survive and reproduce more. This heterozygote advantage keeps the allele common even though homozygotes are ill.
答え: D · 40 g
Mass = density × volume = 8 g/cm³ × 5 cm³ = 40 g. Dividing would give the wrong units.
答え: D · Larger molecules with more electrons have stronger dispersion forces
Going down group 17 the molecules get bigger with more electrons, so temporary dipoles are larger and dispersion forces stronger. More energy is needed to separate the molecules, raising melting and boiling points.
答え: C · forty-two
Compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine are hyphenated. “Forty” drops the u found in “four”.
答え: B · My cousin works as a chef in another city.
A unified paragraph keeps to one main idea. The sentence about the cousin’s job does not support the point about hand washing.
答え: D · Unable to control the passing of it
Incontinence is the loss of control over passing urine or stool.
答え: D · Seeing or hearing things that are not there
Hallucinations are perceptions without a real stimulus; fixed false beliefs are called delusions.
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