解答つき内科外科看護：循環器と呼吸器ワークシート

What does the term "afterload" describe?

1. AThe resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood
2. BThe stretch of the ventricle before it contracts
3. CThe volume of blood returning to the right atrium each minute
4. DThe time the heart takes to relax after each beat

In a healthy person, what is the main chemical stimulus for breathing?

1. AA falling level of glucose in the blood after fasting
2. BA falling level of potassium in the blood
3. CA rising level of oxygen in the blood
4. DA rising level of carbon dioxide in the blood

What is the normal range for arterial PaCO₂?

1. AAbout 4.7–6.0 kPa (35–45 mmHg)
2. BAbout 10–13 kPa (75–100 mmHg)
3. CAbout 1.0–2.0 kPa (8–15 mmHg)
4. DAbout 8.0–9.0 kPa (60–68 mmHg)

A patient choosing between a mechanical and a biological heart valve asks about the main difference. Which answer is accurate?

1. AMechanical valves last longer but need lifelong anticoagulation
2. BBiological valves last longer but need lifelong warfarin
3. CMechanical valves wear out within one year
4. DBoth types need no medicines after surgery

How do clopidogrel and ticagrelor work?

1. AThey block the platelet ADP (P2Y₁₂) receptor
2. BThey inhibit the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver
3. CThey dissolve fibrin in existing clots
4. DThey directly inhibit thrombin in the plasma

A patient who had a leg amputation says they feel burning pain in the missing foot. What is the best response?

1. AExplain that phantom limb pain is real and arrange treatment
2. BExplain that burning pain in the missing foot shows wound infection
3. CAdvise that it will be ignored until it stops
4. DTell the patient the pain must be imaginary as the foot has gone

A patient with severe aortic stenosis is prescribed glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) for chest pain. Why should the nurse use particular caution?

1. AGTN makes the narrowed aortic valve tighten further within a few minutes
2. BThere is no reason for caution, because GTN acts only on the coronary arteries
3. CGTN raises the blood pressure dangerously in aortic stenosis
4. DVasodilators can cause a severe fall in BP with a fixed outflow obstruction

Which task for a stable patient with heart failure can the registered nurse most appropriately delegate to a healthcare assistant (unlicensed assistive personnel)?

1. ADeciding whether to give the furosemide dose
2. BAssessing lung sounds for new crackles
3. CMeasuring and recording the morning weight
4. DTeaching the patient about a low-salt diet