동역학: 벼락치기 팩

Motion with constant acceleration: v = v₀ + a·t, s = v₀·t + ½·a·t² and v² = v₀² + 2·a·s. Pick the equation that contains the three things you know and the one you want, and keep the signs consistent with one positive direction.

Motion with constant acceleration: v = v₀ + a·t, s = v₀·t + ½·a·t² and v² = v₀² + 2·a·s. Pick the equation that contains the three things you know and the one you want, and keep the signs consistent with one positive direction.

Newton’s second law: the net force on a body equals its mass times its acceleration, ΣF = m·a. Draw a free-body diagram, choose a positive direction along the motion, and add every force in that direction: applied forces, friction μ·N against the motion, and the components of gravity.

뉴턴 제2법칙: 물체에 작용하는 알짜힘은 질량과 가속도의 곱과 같습니다: ΣF = m·a. 자유물체도를 그리고, 운동 방향을 따라 양의 방향을 정한 뒤, 그 방향의 모든 힘을 더하세요: 가한 힘, 운동을 방해하는 마찰력 μ·N, 중력의 성분.

Projectile motion: with no air resistance, x = v_xt and y = h + v_yt − ½gt². The two directions are independent except that they share the same time.

Projectile motion: with no air resistance, x = v_xt and y = h + v_yt − ½gt². The two directions are independent except that they share the same time.

Uniform circular motion: an object moving at speed v on a circle of radius r accelerates towards the centre with a = v²/r, so it needs a net inward force F = m·v²/r. That force is supplied by something real: friction, tension, gravity or a normal force.

Uniform circular motion: an object moving at speed v on a circle of radius r accelerates towards the centre with a = v²/r, so it needs a net inward force F = m·v²/r. That force is supplied by something real: friction, tension, gravity or a normal force.

일-에너지 원리: 운동 에너지의 변화는 모든 힘이 한 일과 같습니다. 중력과 스프링을 위치 에너지(mgh와 ½kx²)로 쓰면 수지가 됩니다: 처음 에너지 = 나중 에너지 + 마찰로 잃은 에너지 (μN·d).

일-에너지 원리: 운동 에너지의 변화는 모든 힘이 한 일과 같습니다. 중력과 스프링을 위치 에너지(mgh와 ½kx²)로 쓰면 수지가 됩니다: 처음 에너지 = 나중 에너지 + 마찰로 잃은 에너지 (μN·d).

Conservation of momentum: when no external force acts during a collision, the total momentum Σm·v before equals the total after. Velocities have a direction, so pick a positive direction and give velocities the other way a minus sign. In an elastic collision kinetic energy is conserved too; in a perfectly inelastic one the bodies stick together.

Conservation of momentum: when no external force acts during a collision, the total momentum Σm·v before equals the total after. Velocities have a direction, so pick a positive direction and give velocities the other way a minus sign. In an elastic collision kinetic energy is conserved too; in a perfectly inelastic one the bodies stick together.

Rotation about a fixed axis: the sum of the moments about the axis equals I·α (ΣM = I·α), just as ΣF = m·a for translation. In energy form, a torque T turning through an angle θ (in radians) does work T·θ, which changes the kinetic energy ½·I·ω²; gravity adds or removes m·g·Δh of the centre of mass. Power is P = T·ω.

Rolling and angular momentum: a body rolling without slipping has v = ω·r, so its kinetic energy is ½·m·v² + ½·I·ω² = ½·m·v²·(1 + I/(m·r²)). Down a slope that gives a = g·sin θ/(1 + I/(m·r²)). When no external moment acts about an axis, the angular momentum about that axis stays constant, I₁·ω₁ = I₂·ω₂, even if kinetic energy is lost.

Gear geometry: the module m sets the tooth size. A gear with N teeth has a pitch diameter d = m·N, two meshing gears have the same module, and their centre distance is a = (d₁ + d₂)/2 = m·(N₁ + N₂)/2. The pitch-line speed is v = π·d·n/60, and the tangential tooth force follows from the torque: F_t = 2T/d.

기어열: 맞물린 기어는 이에서의 속도가 같으므로 n₁·N₁ = n₂·N₂입니다. 잇수가 적은 기어가 더 빨리 돕니다. 같은 축에 있는 기어는 같은 속도로 돕니다. 동력은 (손실을 빼고) 그대로 전달되므로 속도가 줄면 토크가 커집니다: T₂ = T₁·(N₂/N₁)·η, 그리고 P = T·ω, ω = 2π·n/60.

Simple harmonic motion: a mass m on a spring of stiffness k oscillates with angular frequency ω = √(k/m) and period T = 2π/ω = 2π·√(m/k). A simple pendulum of length L has T = 2π·√(L/g). With amplitude A, the largest speed is A·ω, the largest acceleration A·ω² and the energy ½·k·A².

Simple harmonic motion: a mass m on a spring of stiffness k oscillates with angular frequency ω = √(k/m) and period T = 2π/ω = 2π·√(m/k). A simple pendulum of length L has T = 2π·√(L/g). With amplitude A, the largest speed is A·ω, the largest acceleration A·ω² and the energy ½·k·A².

질량–스프링계의 자유 진동: 비감쇠 고유 진동수는 rad/s 단위로 ω_n = √(k/m), Hz 단위로 f_n = ω_n/(2π)입니다. 점성 감쇠기 c는 감쇠비 ζ = c/c_c를 주며, 임계 감쇠 계수는 c_c = 2·√(k·m) = 2·m·ω_n입니다. 부족 감쇠계(ζ < 1)는 ω_d = ω_n·√(1 − ζ²)로 진동합니다. 병렬 스프링은 더하고 k = k₁ + k₂, 직렬 스프링은 역수로 더합니다, 1/k = 1/k₁ + 1/k₂.

질량–스프링계의 자유 진동: 비감쇠 고유 진동수는 rad/s 단위로 ω_n = √(k/m), Hz 단위로 f_n = ω_n/(2π)입니다. 점성 감쇠기 c는 감쇠비 ζ = c/c_c를 주며, 임계 감쇠 계수는 c_c = 2·√(k·m) = 2·m·ω_n입니다. 부족 감쇠계(ζ < 1)는 ω_d = ω_n·√(1 − ζ²)로 진동합니다. 병렬 스프링은 더하고 k = k₁ + k₂, 직렬 스프링은 역수로 더합니다, 1/k = 1/k₁ + 1/k₂.