What is the main aim of "protected mealtimes" on hospital wards?
ATo let patients eat without interruptions, with help where needed
BTo stop visitors from bringing any food into hospital
CTo make sure all patients eat the same meal at once
DTo give staff a fixed break while the patients are eating their meals
2.기본간호학어려움
Which task should a registered nurse not delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
ARecording a patient's oral fluid intake
BHelping a patient with a morning wash
CTaking routine observations on a stable patient
DAssessing a patient who reports new chest pain
3.감염 관리와 환자 안전보통
A nurse cleans an IV pump with a disinfectant wipe. What must happen for the disinfectant to work?
AThe surface stays wet for the contact time on the product label
BThe surface is wiped once lightly without pressure
CThe wipe is used on many pumps to save product
DThe surface is dried with a clean towel right after wiping
4.감염 관리와 환자 안전어려움
In a US hospital (CMS rules), a patient keeps pulling at an endotracheal tube, and alternatives have failed. The nurse applies wrist restraints in an emergency. What must happen next?
AKeep the restraints on without an order until the patient is calm
BAsk the family to sign a consent form instead of an order
CObtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy
DAsk the provider for a PRN restraint order to use as needed
5.우선순위 설정과 위임보통
Which patient is at the highest risk of falling?
AAn 84-year-old taking a diuretic who has fallen before and gets up at night
BA 60-year-old admitted for chest pain that has since been ruled out by tests
CA 30-year-old after an appendectomy who walks with steady steps
DA 45-year-old with asthma who is alert and independent
6.우선순위 설정과 위임어려움
A patient on a cardiac monitor suddenly becomes unresponsive, and the monitor shows ventricular fibrillation. What is the priority once help has been called?
AGive an oral antiarrhythmic tablet and recheck the rhythm in five minutes
BDefibrillate as soon as the defibrillator is available, with CPR until then
CRecord a full 12-lead ECG to confirm the rhythm before doing anything else at all
DCheck the blood potassium level before any shock is considered
7.임상간호학보통
For a patient in skin traction on the leg, which is correct?
AThe weights are removed whenever the patient feels uncomfortable
BThe weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor
CThe rope is tied to the bed frame to keep it still
DThe weights rest on the floor overnight
8.임상간호학어려움
A patient with a COPD exacerbation remains acidotic with a high PaCO2 despite optimal medical treatment and controlled oxygen. Which treatment is usually considered next?
A15 L/min oxygen via a non-rebreathe mask
BSedation to slow the breathing
CNon-invasive ventilation
DStopping all oxygen therapy
9.검사 수치와 전해질보통
A patient with a potassium of 2.8 mEq/L has potassium chloride prescribed IV. Which statement about giving it is correct?
AIt may be given as a slow IV push over one minute if the level is very low
BIt is added to the IV bag without mixing, so it stays at the bottom
CIt is given as an undiluted bolus into a large vein to avoid irritation
DIt is always diluted and given by infusion pump, never as an IV push
10.검사 수치와 전해질어려움
A patient using an insulin pump has a glucose of 300 mg/dL (16.7 mmol/L) that has not fallen 2 hours after a correction bolus through the pump. Blood ketones are 1.8 mmol/L. What is the most likely problem and action?
AInsulin delivery failure; inject a correction dose by pen and change the set
BInsulin overdose from the pump; suspend the pump and stop all insulin for a day
CRebound after a hypo; give fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck in 15 minutes
DNormal pump function; wait for the next mealtime bolus to lower the glucose
11.약리학보통
A patient with a peanut allergy is taught to use an adrenaline auto-injector. Which statement is correct?
AKeep it at home so it is not lost
BThere is no need to see a doctor if the swelling goes down
CCall emergency services after using it, even if symptoms improve
DUse it only if the antihistamine has not worked after an hour
12.약리학어려움
An older patient who has taken omeprazole for many years has muscle cramps, tremor and an irregular heartbeat. Which lab finding is most likely linked to the drug?
AHigh serum calcium
BHigh serum sodium
CLow serum glucose
DLow serum magnesium
13.내외과: 심혈관계와 호흡기계보통
A patient is starting long-term amiodarone. Which teaching and monitoring are most important?
AEat extra salt and stop the drug as soon as the pulse is regular
BExpect orange urine and no need for blood tests
CAvoid dairy products and have the INR checked once at the start
DProtect skin from sunlight and have thyroid, liver and lung checks
14.내외과: 심혈관계와 호흡기계어려움
Which instruction from the registered nurse to a healthcare assistant (unlicensed assistive personnel) caring for a patient with COPD is most appropriate?
A"Teach him how to use his new inhaler this afternoon after his rest."
B"Tell me straight away if his SpO₂ is under 88% or he is more breathless."
C"Listen to his chest after lunch and let me know what you can hear."
D"Turn his oxygen up to whatever he needs if he looks short of breath."
15.내외과: 신경계, 내분비계, 신장보통
A patient has had a calcium oxalate kidney stone. Which advice best helps prevent another?
ATake extra vitamin C supplements
BCut all calcium out of the diet
CDrink only a little to avoid diluting the urine
DDrink plenty of fluid so the urine stays pale
16.내외과: 신경계, 내분비계, 신장어려움
A nurse teaches a patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis about levothyroxine. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I will take the tablets at the same time each day."
B"I can stop the tablets once I feel back to normal."
C"I will have regular blood tests to check my dose."
D"I will report palpitations or chest pain."
17.내외과: 소화기계, 수술 전후, 종양보통
회장루 환자에서 서방형이나 장용 정제가 잘 듣지 않을 수 있는 이유는?
A회장루 환자는 어떤 경구 약도 복용할 수 없기 때문
B통과가 빨라 약이 방출되기 전에 지나갈 수 있기 때문
C회장루의 효소가 모든 종류의 경구 약을 파괴하기 때문
D스토마가 약을 혈액으로 너무 빨리 흡수하기 때문
18.내외과: 소화기계, 수술 전후, 종양어려움
Using the adult rule of nines, what is the total burn area of the whole right arm plus the whole front of the trunk (both with partial-thickness burns)?
A27%
B36%
C18%
D45%
19.모성간호학보통
A woman with epilepsy is planning a pregnancy. Which advice is most appropriate?
AStop all antiepileptic drugs before trying to conceive
BAvoid folic acid because it lowers drug levels
CReview her medicines with her doctor before conception
DBreastfeeding will never be possible
20.모성간호학어려움
After the placenta is delivered, the nurse examines it. Why?
ATo estimate the baby's gestational age from its weight
BTo check the mother's blood type and Rh factor
CTo check that it is complete and nothing is retained
DTo decide whether the baby needs vitamin K
21.아동간호학보통
How can acute rheumatic fever be prevented?
ABy avoiding dairy products and cold drinks during every cold or cough
BBy giving aspirin for every fever
CBy prompt antibiotic treatment of streptococcal sore throat
DBy routine MMR vaccination in infancy
22.아동간호학어려움
The parents of a 9-year-old who wets the bed most nights have been punishing him. What is the best advice?
AStop punishing him, praise dry nights and consider a bedwetting alarm
BStop all drinks after lunch and keep him in nappies
CWake him every hour through the night and make him change his own sheets
DWait, as no help is available until he is a teenager
23.정신건강간호학보통
A woman has new anxiety, weight loss, a tremor, heat intolerance and a fast heart rate. Which test is most important before diagnosing an anxiety disorder?
ASerum lithium level
BThyroid function tests
CAn MRI of the knee
DUrine drug screen only
24.정신건강간호학어려움
A patient in a mental health unit asks to read his own health records. What is the correct general principle?
APsychiatric patients are never allowed to see their records
BPatients generally have a right of access, with limited exceptions to prevent serious harm
COnly his family can request access to his records on his behalf
DThe nurse should give him the records immediately without following any procedure
25.간호 수학과 단위 환산보통
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 환자의 체온이 40 °C입니다. °F = °C × 9/5 + 32를 사용하여 화씨 T(으)로 환산하세요. 소수 첫째 자리까지 반올림하세요.
40 °C
T = °F
26.간호 수학과 단위 환산어려움
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 혈청 크레아티닌 결과가 3.5 mg/dL입니다. 크레아티닌에 대해 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L를 사용하여 c을(를) 가장 가까운 정수의 µmol/L로 구하세요.
3.5 mg/dL1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L
c = µmol/L
27.투약 용량 계산보통
에피네프린(아드레날린) 앰플에 1:1000(1 mg/mL)라고 표시되어 있습니다. 처방은 아나필락시스에 대한 0.5 mg 근육주사(IM)입니다. 뽑을 부피 V는 얼마입니까?
1:10000.5 mg
V = mL
28.투약 용량 계산어려움
처방은 440 마이크로그램입니다. 앰플은 1 mg/mL입니다. 1 mL 주사기에 용량을 채우세요: 몇 V를 투여합니까?
440 mcg1 mg/mL
V = mL
29.정맥 수액 속도보통
20방울/mL 세트로 1500 mL를 10시간 동안 주입합니다. 점적 속도 R를 분당 방울 수로 구하세요.
1500 mL10 h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.정맥 수액 속도어려움
백에 100 mL당 약 200 mg이 들어 있고 20 mL/h로 주입됩니다. 환자는 시간당 몇 mg D을 받나요?
200 mg/100 mL20 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.수액 요법과 수분 균형보통
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 기록표는 한 12시간 근무조 동안 환자의 섭취량과 배설량을 보여 줍니다. 환자의 체중은 51 kg입니다. 평균 소변량 U을(를) mL/kg/h 단위로 구하세요. 소수 둘째 자리까지 반올림하세요.
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 500 mL 백이 펌프로 80 mL/h로 들어가고 있습니다. 06:00에 이미 200 mL가 주입되었습니다. 백이 비기까지 몇 시간 t이(가) 남았나요? 소수 첫째 자리까지 반올림하세요.
500 mL200 mL 주입됨80 mL/h
t = h
33.임상 사정 점수보통
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 다음 관찰 소견에 NEWS2 도표(SpO₂ 척도 1)를 사용하세요: 호흡수 14/min, SpO₂ 98% 실내 공기 호흡 중, 혈압 84/50 mmHg, 맥박 58/min, 명료함, 체온 37.7 °C. NEWS2 총점은 얼마입니까?
RR 14SpO₂ 98%공기SBP 84HR 58AT 37.7 °C
NEWS2 =
34.임상 사정 점수어려움
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 연습용 환자를 Morse 낙상 척도로 평가했습니다: 최근 3개월 이내의 낙상 병력: 아니요; 이차 진단: 아니요; 보행 보조: 목발, 지팡이 또는 보행기; 정맥 치료 또는 생리식염수 잠금: 아니요; 걸음걸이: 정상, 침상 안정 또는 휠체어; 정신 상태: 자신의 한계를 앎. 기준점 0–24 낮음, 25–44 중등도, 45 이상 높음을 사용하여 낙상 위험 수준을 클릭하세요.
1낮은 위험
2중등도 위험
3높은 위험
3용액
1.기본간호학
답: A · To let patients eat without interruptions, with help where needed
이것이 답인 이유
Ward rounds and tests can interrupt meals, and patients then eat less. Protected mealtimes pause non-urgent activity so staff can focus on helping patients eat.
답
A · To let patients eat without interruptions, with help where needed
2.기본간호학
답: D · Assessing a patient who reports new chest pain
이것이 답인 이유
New symptoms in a patient need registered nurse assessment and decision-making. Routine, predictable tasks with stable patients can be delegated with clear instructions.
답
D · Assessing a patient who reports new chest pain
3.감염 관리와 환자 안전
답: A · The surface stays wet for the contact time on the product label
이것이 답인 이유
Each disinfectant has a contact (dwell) time during which the surface must stay visibly wet. Drying it early or spreading one wipe over many items reduces its effect.
답
A · The surface stays wet for the contact time on the product label
4.감염 관리와 환자 안전
답: C · Obtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy
이것이 답인 이유
Under US CMS rules, a nurse may apply a restraint first in an emergency, but an order from a licensed provider must be obtained promptly according to policy. PRN restraint orders are not allowed, and family consent does not replace an order. Other countries use different legal frameworks, but restraint is always a last resort that must be authorized, reviewed and documented.
답
C · Obtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy
5.우선순위 설정과 위임
답: A · An 84-year-old taking a diuretic who has fallen before and gets up at night
이것이 답인 이유
A previous fall is one of the strongest risk factors. Older age, diuretics and getting up at night to urinate add further risk, so this patient needs fall precautions.
답
A · An 84-year-old taking a diuretic who has fallen before and gets up at night
6.우선순위 설정과 위임
답: B · Defibrillate as soon as the defibrillator is available, with CPR until then
이것이 답인 이유
Ventricular fibrillation is a shockable cardiac arrest rhythm. Early defibrillation, with high-quality CPR until the shock is given, is the most important treatment.
답
B · Defibrillate as soon as the defibrillator is available, with CPR until then
7.임상간호학
답: B · The weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor
이것이 답인 이유
Weights must hang freely so the pull is continuous and in line. Nurses also check the skin, circulation and sensation of the limb.
답
B · The weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor
8.임상간호학
답: C · Non-invasive ventilation
이것이 답인 이유
In hypercapnic respiratory failure from COPD that persists despite treatment, non-invasive ventilation (bilevel positive pressure) supports ventilation and lowers PaCO2. Stopping oxygen would cause dangerous hypoxia.
답
C · Non-invasive ventilation
9.검사 수치와 전해질
답: D · It is always diluted and given by infusion pump, never as an IV push
이것이 답인 이유
Concentrated potassium chloride given as an IV push can cause fatal cardiac arrest, so it is never pushed. It is diluted, mixed well and given by infusion pump at a rate set by protocol, often with cardiac monitoring at higher rates.
답
D · It is always diluted and given by infusion pump, never as an IV push
10.검사 수치와 전해질
답: A · Insulin delivery failure; inject a correction dose by pen and change the set
이것이 답인 이유
A high glucose that does not respond to a pump bolus, with rising ketones, suggests a kinked, blocked or dislodged cannula. Because pumps use only rapid-acting insulin, DKA can develop within hours. The usual advice is to give a correction dose by pen or syringe, change the infusion set, check glucose and ketones often, and seek help if ketones keep rising or vomiting starts.
답
A · Insulin delivery failure; inject a correction dose by pen and change the set
11.약리학
답: C · Call emergency services after using it, even if symptoms improve
이것이 답인 이유
Anaphylaxis can recur after the adrenaline wears off (a biphasic reaction). The person always calls for help after using it, carries two auto-injectors and uses adrenaline early.
답
C · Call emergency services after using it, even if symptoms improve
12.약리학
답: D · Low serum magnesium
이것이 답인 이유
Long-term PPI use can cause hypomagnesaemia, which leads to cramps, tremor and arrhythmias. Other long-term risks include fractures, vitamin B12 deficiency and C. difficile infection.
답
D · Low serum magnesium
13.내외과: 심혈관계와 호흡기계
답: D · Protect skin from sunlight and have thyroid, liver and lung checks
이것이 답인 이유
Amiodarone causes photosensitivity, thyroid dysfunction (it contains iodine), liver toxicity, pulmonary fibrosis and corneal deposits. Patients use high-factor sunscreen and have regular thyroid and liver tests and reviews for cough or breathlessness. It also interacts with warfarin and digoxin.
답
D · Protect skin from sunlight and have thyroid, liver and lung checks
14.내외과: 심혈관계와 호흡기계
답: B · "Tell me straight away if his SpO₂ is under 88% or he is more breathless."
이것이 답인 이유
Delegated tasks should come with specific parameters for reporting. Changing oxygen therapy, chest assessment and patient teaching need a registered nurse's knowledge and judgement. Clear reporting instructions keep the patient safe.
답
B · "Tell me straight away if his SpO₂ is under 88% or he is more breathless."
15.내외과: 신경계, 내분비계, 신장
답: D · Drink plenty of fluid so the urine stays pale
이것이 답인 이유
High fluid intake is the most important measure for preventing stones. Dietary calcium is usually not restricted, because it binds oxalate in the gut. High-dose vitamin C can increase oxalate.
답
D · Drink plenty of fluid so the urine stays pale
16.내외과: 신경계, 내분비계, 신장
답: B · "I can stop the tablets once I feel back to normal."
이것이 답인 이유
In Hashimoto's thyroiditis the gland is permanently damaged, so levothyroxine is usually lifelong. Feeling well shows that the dose is right, not that the disease is cured. Stopping causes symptoms to return.
답
B · "I can stop the tablets once I feel back to normal."
17.내외과: 소화기계, 수술 전후, 종양
답: B · 통과가 빨라 약이 방출되기 전에 지나갈 수 있기 때문
이것이 답인 이유
결장이 없으면 장 통과가 빨라지므로 서방형이나 코팅 제제는 흡수가 불량할 수 있습니다. 정제의 잔해가 주머니에서 보일 수 있습니다. 약사가 대체 제형을 제안할 수 있습니다.
답
B · 통과가 빨라 약이 방출되기 전에 지나갈 수 있기 때문
18.내외과: 소화기계, 수술 전후, 종양
답: A · 27%
이것이 답인 이유
The whole arm is 9% and the front of the trunk 18%, giving 27% total body surface area. Superficial (redness only) areas would not be counted.
답
A · 27%
19.모성간호학
답: C · Review her medicines with her doctor before conception
이것이 답인 이유
Preconception review allows a switch to the lowest-risk effective drug, often at the lowest effective dose, and higher-dose folic acid. Most women can breastfeed while taking antiepileptics.
답
C · Review her medicines with her doctor before conception
20.모성간호학
답: C · To check that it is complete and nothing is retained
이것이 답인 이유
The placenta and membranes are inspected for completeness. Retained fragments prevent the uterus contracting and cause postpartum haemorrhage and infection. The number of cord vessels is also checked.
답
C · To check that it is complete and nothing is retained
21.아동간호학
답: C · By prompt antibiotic treatment of streptococcal sore throat
이것이 답인 이유
Rheumatic fever is an immune reaction following group A streptococcal throat infection. Treating strep throat with a full course of antibiotics prevents it and the heart valve damage it can cause.
답
C · By prompt antibiotic treatment of streptococcal sore throat
22.아동간호학
답: A · Stop punishing him, praise dry nights and consider a bedwetting alarm
이것이 답인 이유
Nocturnal enuresis is common and not deliberate; punishment worsens it. Support, reward systems for agreed behaviours, enuresis alarms and sometimes desmopressin are effective, along with normal daytime drinking and regular toileting.
답
A · Stop punishing him, praise dry nights and consider a bedwetting alarm
23.정신건강간호학
답: B · Thyroid function tests
이것이 답인 이유
Hyperthyroidism can mimic anxiety with tremor, palpitations, weight loss and heat intolerance. Medical causes of psychiatric symptoms should always be considered.
답
B · Thyroid function tests
24.정신건강간호학
답: B · Patients generally have a right of access, with limited exceptions to prevent serious harm
이것이 답인 이유
Data protection and health records laws in many countries give patients a right to access their records. Requests follow a formal procedure, and information may be withheld only in limited cases, for example if it could cause serious harm.
답
B · Patients generally have a right of access, with limited exceptions to prevent serious harm
25.간호 수학과 단위 환산
답: T = 104 °F
온도: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9, °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. °F에서 변환할 때는 곱하기 전에 32를 빼고, °C에서 변환할 때는 곱한 뒤에 32를 더합니다. 빠른 확인: 37 °C는 98.6 °F이고, 1 °C마다 1.8 °F입니다.
9/5를 곱한다
40·9/5 = 72
32를 더한다
T = 72 + 32 = 104 °F
답
T = 104 °F
26.간호 수학과 단위 환산
답: c = 309 µmol/L
차원 분석: 주어진 양을 쓰고, 원하지 않는 단위가 분자와 분모에 한 번씩 나타나 약분되도록 분수로 쓴 환산 계수(예: 60 min/1 h 또는 1 mg/1000 mcg)를 곱합니다. 원하는 단위만 남으면 계산합니다. 문제가 주는 환산값을 사용하고 최종 답만 반올림하세요.
변환
c = 3.5·88.4 = 309.4 ≈ 309 µmol/L
답
c = 309 µmol/L
27.투약 용량 계산
답: V = 0.5 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
농도
1:1000 = 1 g/1000 mL = 1 mg/mL
부피
V = 0.5/1 = 0.5 mL
답
V = 0.5 mL
미국 라벨은 이제 mg/mL로 표기합니다(1 mg/mL = 1:1000; 0.1 mg/mL = 1:10 000). 1 mg/mL 에피네프린을 절대 IV push로 투여하지 마세요.
28.투약 용량 계산
답: V = 0.44 mL
용량 채우기: 부피 = (처방 용량/원액 농도) × 원액 부피. 먼저 단위를 같게 한 뒤, 그 부피가 주사기에 들어가고 눈금 하나에 맞는지 확인하세요.
같은 단위
1 mg/mL = 1000 mcg/mL
부피
V = 440/1000 = 0.44 mL
답
V = 0.44 mL
29.정맥 수액 속도
답: R = 50 gtt/min
주입 속도: 펌프는 mL/h = 부피/시간(시간 단위)으로 설정합니다. 중력 점적은 분당 방울 수로 셉니다: gtt/min = 부피(mL) × 점적 계수(gtt/mL)/시간(min). 점적 계수는 수액 세트 포장에 인쇄되어 있습니다: 대점적 세트는 10, 15, 20 gtt/mL(수혈 세트는 미국에서 흔히 10 gtt/mL, 영국에서 15), 미세 점적 세트는 60 gtt/mL입니다. 항상 문제나 포장에 나온 점적 계수를 사용하세요.
분 단위의 시간
10·60 = 600 min
점적 속도
R = 1500·20/600 = 50 gtt/min
답
R = 50 gtt/min
30.정맥 수액 속도
답: D = 40 mg/h
주입 속도: 펌프는 mL/h = 부피/시간(시간 단위)으로 설정합니다. 중력 점적은 분당 방울 수로 셉니다: gtt/min = 부피(mL) × 점적 계수(gtt/mL)/시간(min). 점적 계수는 수액 세트 포장에 인쇄되어 있습니다: 대점적 세트는 10, 15, 20 gtt/mL(수혈 세트는 미국에서 흔히 10 gtt/mL, 영국에서 15), 미세 점적 세트는 60 gtt/mL입니다. 항상 문제나 포장에 나온 점적 계수를 사용하세요.
농도
200/100 = 2 mg/mL
투여 속도
D = 2·20 = 40 mg/h
답
D = 40 mg/h
31.수액 요법과 수분 균형
답: U = 1.63 mL/kg/h
섭취량과 배설량: 섭취량에는 들어가는 모든 것(경구 수분, 정맥 주입, 정맥 투약과 플러시, 경관 영양)을 포함하며, 얼음 조각은 부피의 절반으로 계산합니다. 배설량에는 소변, 배액, 구토, 기타 손실이 포함됩니다. 균형 = 총섭취량 − 총배설량이며, 음수이면 순손실입니다. 숫자는 연습용일 뿐입니다. 실제 임상에서는 항상 기관 프로토콜을 따르고 고위험 약물 용량은 이중 확인을 받으세요.
총소변량
200 + 425 + 375 = 1000 mL
킬로그램당 시간당
U = 1000/(51·12) = 1.634 ≈ 1.63 mL/kg/h
답
U = 1.63 mL/kg/h
32.수액 요법과 수분 균형
답: t = 3.8 h
주입 시간: 시간(h) = 주입할 부피(mL)/속도(mL/h). 백의 용량이 아니라 백에 남아 있는 부피를 쓰세요. 주입된 부피 = 속도 × 시간. 소수 시간은 소수 부분 × 60으로 시와 분으로 바꾸세요(0.5 h = 50분이 아니라 30분). 숫자는 연습용일 뿐입니다. 실제 임상에서는 항상 기관 프로토콜을 따르고 고위험 약물 용량은 이중 확인을 받으세요.
남은 부피
500 − 200 = 300 mL
시간
t = 300/80 = 3.75 ≈ 3.8 h
답
t = 3.8 h
약 3 h 45 min이므로 백은 약 09:45에 다 들어갑니다.
33.임상 사정 점수
답: NEWS2 = 3
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2, 영국왕립의사협회 2017): 일곱 항목(호흡수, 척도 1의 SpO₂, 공기 또는 보충 산소, 수축기 혈압, 맥박, ACVPU 척도의 의식, 체온)을 도표로 각각 채점하여 합산합니다. 임상 위험: 0–4 낮음, 한 항목이 3점이면 낮음–중간, 5–6 중간, 7 이상 높음. 총점 5 이상은 긴급 대응이 필요합니다.
각 항목의 점수 매기기
RR 14/min → 0
SpO₂ 98% → 0
공기 호흡 중 → 0
SBP 84 mmHg → 3
HR 58/min → 0
명료함 (A) → 0
T 37.7 °C → 0
더하기
NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 3
답
NEWS2 = 3
34.임상 사정 점수
답: 낮은 위험
Morse 낙상 척도: 여섯 항목입니다. 낙상 병력: 없음 0, 있음 25. 이차 진단: 없음 0, 있음 15. 보행 보조: 없음, 침상 안정 또는 간호사의 도움 0, 목발·지팡이·보행기 15, 가구를 붙잡음 30. 정맥 치료 또는 생리식염수 잠금: 없음 0, 있음 20. 걸음걸이: 정상, 침상 안정 또는 휠체어 0, 약함 10, 손상됨 20. 정신 상태: 자신의 한계를 앎 0, 한계를 과대평가하거나 잊음 15. 총점은 0부터 125까지입니다. 위험 기준점은 병원마다 다르며, 흔한 기준은 0–24 낮음, 25–44 중등도, 45 이상 높음입니다.
각 항목의 점수 매기기
최근 3개월 이내의 낙상 병력: 아니요 → 0
이차 진단: 아니요 → 0
보행 보조: 목발, 지팡이 또는 보행기 → 15
정맥 치료 또는 생리식염수 잠금: 아니요 → 0
걸음걸이: 정상, 침상 안정 또는 휠체어 → 0
정신 상태: 자신의 한계를 앎 → 0
더하기
Morse 총점 = 0 + 0 + 15 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 15
위험 수준
15 → 낮은 위험
답
낮은 위험
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