공식 모음, 모든 주제의 핵심 풀이 단계, 연습 문제 34개가 들어 있으며 전체 풀이는 맨 뒤에 있습니다.
환자 상태가 나빠질 때 가장 먼저 나타나는 경우가 많은 경고 징후는?
A patient with delirium tries to leave the ward at night, saying they are going home, and would be at serious risk outside. What is correct (England and Wales)?
An adult with hepatitis A is incontinent of stool. Which precautions are used?
A patient weighs 180 kg and needs to be moved from bed to chair. The standard ceiling lift on the unit has a lower weight limit. What should the nurse do?
A patient taking lithium has vomiting, diarrhea and a new coarse tremor. What should the nurse do?
A patient is admitted with inhalational anthrax. Which precautions are needed?
Which examination findings suggest a large pleural effusion on one side?
A patient taking dapagliflozin is vomiting and unwell, with high blood ketones and a blood glucose of only 11 mmol/L (198 mg/dL). What should be suspected?
A nurse completed the hepatitis B vaccine series. Which result shows protective immunity?
An 82-year-old woman without a catheter has a urine culture growing bacteria, but no fever, urinary symptoms or change in mental state. What is the best interpretation?
A patient with a peanut allergy is taught to use an adrenaline auto-injector. Which statement is correct?
A patient with diabetic ketoacidosis is about to start an IV insulin infusion. Serum potassium is 3.1 mmol/L (mEq/L). Why is this a concern?
Analysis of a pleural effusion shows it is an exudate (high protein and LDH compared with blood). Which cause is most likely?
A patient taking ramipril and indapamide for hypertension starts regular ibuprofen for back pain. A week later, creatinine has risen sharply. What is the most likely cause?
A urine dipstick is positive for nitrites. What does this suggest?
A patient with Parkinson's disease is nil by mouth after abdominal surgery. Their levodopa is due. What is the best action?
Which measure helps reduce the risk of delirium in an older surgical patient?
A patient with three fractured ribs is taking shallow breaths because of pain. Why is effective analgesia a priority?
A woman is prescribed low molecular weight heparin after a caesarean. Which teaching is correct?
After treatment for a molar pregnancy, what is the most important teaching point?
Which snack is safest for a 2-year-old?
An 18-month-old with gastroenteritis has a heart rate of 170/min, a capillary refill time of 4 seconds and cool hands and feet. Her blood pressure is normal. What does this indicate?
How should a patient take sublingual buprenorphine-naloxone tablets?
A patient taking valproate has severe abdominal pain spreading to her back, with nausea and vomiting. What should the nurse suspect?
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 환자의 체온이 103.9 °F입니다. °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9를 사용하여 섭씨 T(으)로 환산하세요. 소수 첫째 자리까지 반올림하세요.
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 처방전에 경구 현탁액 8시간마다을(를) 1½ tsp씩 10일 동안 복용하라고 되어 있습니다. 현탁액은 100 mL 병으로 나옵니다. 1 tsp = 5 mL을(를) 사용하면 치료 기간을 채우려면 몇 병 N을(를) 온전히 공급해야 합니까?
바이알에 분말 500 mg이 들어 있습니다. 라벨에는 주사용수 1.8 mL를 넣으면 총부피가 2 mL가 된다고 적혀 있습니다. 처방은 375 mg입니다. 재구성한 용액을 몇 mL V 투여하나요?
처방은 2500 단위이고, 약은 10000 단위/mL로 나옵니다. 1 mL 주사기에 용량을 채우세요: 몇 V를 투여합니까?
수액이 200 mL/h로 처방되었지만 펌프가 없습니다. 15 gtt/mL의 수액 세트로 자연 낙하 주입합니다. 분당 방울 수로 점적 속도 R을 구하세요.
수액이 20방울/mL 세트로 50방울/분 속도로 떨어지고 있습니다. 백에 400 mL가 남아 있습니다. 몇 시간 t 후에 비게 될까요? 소수 첫째 자리까지 반올림하세요.
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 기록표는 한 12시간 근무조 동안 환자의 섭취량과 배설량을 보여 줍니다. 환자의 체중은 109 kg입니다. 평균 소변량 U을(를) mL/kg/h 단위로 구하세요. 소수 둘째 자리까지 반올림하세요.
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 1000 mL 주입을 18:00에 120 mL/h로 시작합니다. 3시간 후 속도를 50 mL/h로 바꾸고 이후로는 바꾸지 않습니다. 시작 후 몇 시간 t 뒤에 백이 비나요? 소수 첫째 자리까지 반올림하세요.
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 연습용 환자를 Morse 낙상 척도로 평가했습니다: 최근 3개월 이내의 낙상 병력: 예; 이차 진단: 예; 보행 보조: 목발, 지팡이 또는 보행기; 정맥 치료 또는 생리식염수 잠금: 예; 걸음걸이: 약함; 정신 상태: 자신의 한계를 앎. Morse 총점 MFS을(를) 구하세요.
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 다음 관찰 소견에 NEWS2 도표(SpO₂ 척도 1)를 사용하세요: 호흡수 16/min, SpO₂ 86% 실내 공기 호흡 중, 혈압 130/78 mmHg, 맥박 58/min, 명료함, 체온 37.9 °C. 환자는 어느 임상 위험군에 속합니까? 클릭하세요.
답: A · 호흡수 증가
빈호흡은 악화의 가장 이르고 민감한 징후 중 하나이며, NEWS2 같은 조기경보 점수에서 높은 점수를 받습니다.
답: C · Assess capacity and, if it is lacking, act in their best interests
A delirious patient may lack capacity for this decision. Staff can take reasonable, proportionate steps in their best interests, such as calm persuasion and close supervision, while seeking medical review.
답: B · Contact precautions in addition to standard precautions
Hepatitis A spreads through fecal contamination. For a patient who is incontinent or in diapers, contact precautions are added to standard precautions to prevent spread on hands and surfaces.
답: C · Use bariatric-rated equipment and enough trained staff
Using equipment above its rated capacity can cause collapse and injury. Bariatric lifts, chairs and beds are used, with enough trained staff and a plan agreed in advance.
답: C · Hold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
Vomiting, diarrhea and a coarse tremor suggest lithium toxicity. The nurse holds the dose and reports so a serum level can be checked; low salt or fluid intake raises lithium levels further.
답: B · Standard precautions, because it does not usually spread from person to person
Inhalational anthrax is not spread from person to person, so standard precautions are used. Contact precautions may be added for skin (cutaneous) anthrax with draining lesions.
답: C · Dull percussion and reduced breath sounds over the lung base
Fluid in the pleural space muffles breath sounds and makes percussion stony dull. A large effusion may push the trachea away from the affected side.
답: D · Euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis
SGLT2 inhibitors can cause DKA with near-normal or modestly raised glucose because glucose is lost in the urine. Ketones should be checked in unwell patients on these drugs.
답: A · Anti-HBs of 10 mIU/mL or more
An anti-HBs level of at least 10 mIU/mL after vaccination indicates protection. HBsAg and IgM anti-HBc indicate infection, not immunity. Health care workers are often tested after vaccination.
답: B · Asymptomatic bacteriuria, usually not treated with antibiotics
Asymptomatic bacteriuria is common in older adults and usually should not be treated, because treatment brings adverse effects and resistance without benefit. Exceptions include pregnancy and some urological procedures.
답: A · Call emergency services after using it, even if symptoms improve
Anaphylaxis can recur after the adrenaline wears off (a biphasic reaction). The person always calls for help after using it, carries two auto-injectors and uses adrenaline early.
답: C · Insulin moves potassium into cells, so the level can fall dangerously low
Insulin drives potassium into cells, so a low starting level can become life-threatening hypokalaemia with arrhythmias. Potassium is replaced and monitored closely; the 2024 international consensus (ADA and others) delays insulin until potassium is above 3.5 mmol/L, while UK JBDS guidance adds potassium to the fluids and asks for senior review.
답: A · Pneumonia or cancer affecting the pleura
Transudates form when hydrostatic or oncotic pressure changes push fluid out of vessels, as in heart failure, cirrhosis and nephrotic syndrome. Exudates form when inflammation or tumour makes the pleura leaky, so protein and LDH are high (Light's criteria). Common causes are pneumonia, cancer, TB and pulmonary embolism.
답: B · An ACE inhibitor, diuretic and NSAID together reducing kidney perfusion
NSAIDs constrict the afferent arteriole, ACE inhibitors dilate the efferent arteriole and diuretics reduce volume. Together (sometimes called the "triple whammy") they can cause acute kidney injury. The NSAID is stopped, and the prescriber reviews the other drugs.
답: B · Bacteria that convert nitrate are present
Many urinary pathogens convert dietary nitrate to nitrite, so a positive nitrite test supports a bacterial UTI. A negative result does not rule infection out. Leucocytes on the dipstick show white cells.
답: A · Contact the prescriber or pharmacist about another route
Omitting Parkinson's medication can cause severe rigidity, swallowing failure and, rarely, a life-threatening withdrawal syndrome. Alternatives such as giving it by nasogastric tube or a dopamine agonist patch should be arranged urgently.
답: A · Making sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
Delirium prevention includes using glasses and hearing aids, orientation, good sleep, hydration, nutrition, early mobilisation, pain control, avoiding unnecessary sedatives and involving family.
답: B · Shallow breathing can lead to atelectasis and pneumonia
Uncontrolled chest wall pain prevents deep breaths and coughing, leading to atelectasis, sputum retention and pneumonia, particularly in older adults. Multimodal analgesia, sometimes with regional blocks, and physiotherapy are used.
답: D · It is injected under the skin; report unusual bleeding
Low molecular weight heparin is given subcutaneously and is compatible with breastfeeding. She should rotate sites, not rub them, and report bleeding or unusual bruising.
답: C · Attend serial hCG checks and use reliable contraception during follow-up
hCG is followed until it is undetectable because persistent trophoblastic disease or choriocarcinoma can develop. A new pregnancy would raise hCG and hide this, so reliable contraception is advised during follow-up.
답: C · Small pieces of soft cooked vegetables
Round, firm foods such as whole grapes, nuts and popcorn can block a young child's airway. Soft foods cut into small pieces are safer, and children should always sit down and be supervised while eating.
답: A · Compensated shock that needs urgent treatment
Tachycardia, prolonged capillary refill and cool peripheries with a normal blood pressure suggest compensated shock. Children can maintain blood pressure until they suddenly decompensate, so urgent medical review and fluid resuscitation are needed.
답: D · Let the tablet dissolve completely under the tongue without chewing or swallowing it
Buprenorphine is poorly absorbed if swallowed, so it is dissolved under the tongue. Naloxone is added to discourage injection, because it is poorly absorbed sublingually but active if injected.
답: C · Pancreatitis
Valproate can cause acute pancreatitis, which can be life-threatening. Severe abdominal pain with vomiting must be reported promptly so the drug can be stopped and the patient assessed.
답: T = 39.9 °C
온도: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9, °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. °F에서 변환할 때는 곱하기 전에 32를 빼고, °C에서 변환할 때는 곱한 뒤에 32를 더합니다. 빠른 확인: 37 °C는 98.6 °F이고, 1 °C마다 1.8 °F입니다.
답: N = 3
차원 분석: 주어진 양을 쓰고, 원하지 않는 단위가 분자와 분모에 한 번씩 나타나 약분되도록 분수로 쓴 환산 계수(예: 60 min/1 h 또는 1 mg/1000 mcg)를 곱합니다. 원하는 단위만 남으면 계산합니다. 문제가 주는 환산값을 사용하고 최종 답만 반올림하세요.
답: V = 1.5 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
답: V = 0.25 mL
용량 채우기: 부피 = (처방 용량/원액 농도) × 원액 부피. 먼저 단위를 같게 한 뒤, 그 부피가 주사기에 들어가고 눈금 하나에 맞는지 확인하세요.
이 1 mL 주사기에서는 작은 눈금 하나가 0.01 mL입니다.
답: R = 50 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
답: t = 2.7 h
주입 속도: 펌프는 mL/h = 부피/시간(시간 단위)으로 설정합니다. 중력 점적은 분당 방울 수로 셉니다: gtt/min = 부피(mL) × 점적 계수(gtt/mL)/시간(min). 점적 계수는 수액 세트 포장에 인쇄되어 있습니다: 대점적 세트는 10, 15, 20 gtt/mL(수혈 세트는 미국에서 흔히 10 gtt/mL, 영국에서 15), 미세 점적 세트는 60 gtt/mL입니다. 항상 문제나 포장에 나온 점적 계수를 사용하세요.
답: U = 1.03 mL/kg/h
섭취량과 배설량: 섭취량에는 들어가는 모든 것(경구 수분, 정맥 주입, 정맥 투약과 플러시, 경관 영양)을 포함하며, 얼음 조각은 부피의 절반으로 계산합니다. 배설량에는 소변, 배액, 구토, 기타 손실이 포함됩니다. 균형 = 총섭취량 − 총배설량이며, 음수이면 순손실입니다. 숫자는 연습용일 뿐입니다. 실제 임상에서는 항상 기관 프로토콜을 따르고 고위험 약물 용량은 이중 확인을 받으세요.
답: t = 15.8 h
주입 시간: 시간(h) = 주입할 부피(mL)/속도(mL/h). 백의 용량이 아니라 백에 남아 있는 부피를 쓰세요. 주입된 부피 = 속도 × 시간. 소수 시간은 소수 부분 × 60으로 시와 분으로 바꾸세요(0.5 h = 50분이 아니라 30분). 숫자는 연습용일 뿐입니다. 실제 임상에서는 항상 기관 프로토콜을 따르고 고위험 약물 용량은 이중 확인을 받으세요.
약 15 h 48 min이므로 백은 약 09:48에 다 들어갑니다.
답: MFS = 85
Morse 낙상 척도: 여섯 항목입니다. 낙상 병력: 없음 0, 있음 25. 이차 진단: 없음 0, 있음 15. 보행 보조: 없음, 침상 안정 또는 간호사의 도움 0, 목발·지팡이·보행기 15, 가구를 붙잡음 30. 정맥 치료 또는 생리식염수 잠금: 없음 0, 있음 20. 걸음걸이: 정상, 침상 안정 또는 휠체어 0, 약함 10, 손상됨 20. 정신 상태: 자신의 한계를 앎 0, 한계를 과대평가하거나 잊음 15. 총점은 0부터 125까지입니다. 위험 기준점은 병원마다 다르며, 흔한 기준은 0–24 낮음, 25–44 중등도, 45 이상 높음입니다.
답: 낮음–중간
NEWS2(National Early Warning Score 2, 영국왕립의사협회 2017): 일곱 항목(호흡수, 척도 1의 SpO₂, 공기 또는 보충 산소, 수축기 혈압, 맥박, ACVPU 척도의 의식, 체온)을 도표로 각각 채점하여 합산합니다. 임상 위험: 0–4 낮음, 한 항목이 3점이면 낮음–중간, 5–6 중간, 7 이상 높음. 총점 5 이상은 긴급 대응이 필요합니다.
단독 3점은 총점이 낮더라도 긴급 진료가 필요합니다.
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