공식 모음, 모든 주제의 핵심 풀이 단계, 연습 문제 34개가 들어 있으며 전체 풀이는 맨 뒤에 있습니다.
Why should the same pain scale be used each time a patient's pain is assessed?
Which task is most appropriate for a registered nurse to delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
During routine handwashing with soap and water (medical asepsis), how are the hands held?
Victims of a chemical spill arrive at the emergency department with liquid on their skin and clothing. What is the priority before they enter the building?
A patient receives hemodialysis this morning. Which type of medication is often held before dialysis, as prescribed?
An infant with pyloric stenosis has repeated projectile vomiting. Which acid-base imbalance is most likely?
A patient receives IV furosemide for fluid overload. Which findings show the treatment is working?
A patient with several days of vomiting and diarrhoea has low blood pressure, low urine output and a rising creatinine. Which description fits best?
How does normal pregnancy usually affect serum creatinine?
The nurse teaches a patient with chronic kidney disease about a potassium-restricted diet. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Why should a patient rinse the mouth after using an inhaled corticosteroid?
In adult cardiac arrest with shock-refractory ventricular fibrillation, which antiarrhythmic is commonly given?
During an episode of chest pain, a patient's ECG shows new horizontal ST depression. What does this most likely indicate?
A patient with a valid, documented do-not-attempt-CPR decision (DNACPR in the UK, DNR or DNAR in the US) is found in cardiac arrest. What should the nurse do?
Why is nimodipine given to patients after a subarachnoid haemorrhage?
만성 신장병 환자의 헤모글로빈이 92 g/L이고 적혈구 생성 촉진제(ESA)를 시작합니다. 간호사가 감시해야 할 것은?
Which is a recognised risk of long-term proton pump inhibitor use?
A patient with diabetes has rapidly spreading redness around a small wound, severe pain out of proportion, fever and crackling under the skin. What should the nurse suspect?
A woman with epilepsy is planning a pregnancy. Which advice is most appropriate?
Just after the membranes rupture, there is painless vaginal bleeding and the fetal heart rate drops sharply. The mother's vital signs are normal. Which condition is most likely?
Which advice is first-line for a school-age child with functional constipation?
Two children with cystic fibrosis are admitted to the same ward. Which precaution is important?
A 7-year-old with autism is admitted to a children's ward. Which nursing action is most helpful?
A nurse realises she has given a patient another patient's olanzapine dose. What should she do first?
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 환자의 체온이 39.4 °C입니다. °F = °C × 9/5 + 32를 사용하여 화씨 T(으)로 환산하세요. 소수 첫째 자리까지 반올림하세요.
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 주입이 19:45에 시작하여 다음 날 아침 04:40에 끝납니다(24시간제). 주입은 몇 시간 t 진행되었습니까? 답은 시간 단위의 소수로, 소수 둘째 자리까지 반올림하여 쓰세요.
바이알에 분말 2 g이 들어 있습니다. 라벨에는 주사용수 9.2 mL를 넣으면 총부피가 10 mL가 된다고 적혀 있습니다. 처방은 80 mg입니다. 재구성한 용액을 몇 mL V 투여하나요?
환자의 몸무게는 74.8 lb입니다. 처방은 1회 0.5 mg/kg이고, 원액에는 5 mL에 200 mg이 들어 있습니다. 1 kg = 2.2 lb를 써서, 몇 mL V를 투여하나요? 소수 둘째 자리까지 반올림하세요.
수액이 80 mL/h로 처방되었지만 펌프가 없습니다. 60 gtt/mL의 수액 세트로 자연 낙하 주입합니다. 분당 방울 수로 점적 속도 R을 구하세요.
백에 100 mL당 약 1000 mg이 들어 있고 12 mL/h로 주입됩니다. 환자는 시간당 몇 mg D을 받나요?
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 기록표는 한 12시간 근무조 동안 환자의 섭취량과 배설량을 보여 줍니다. 환자의 체중은 58 kg입니다. 평균 소변량 U을(를) mL/kg/h 단위로 구하세요. 소수 둘째 자리까지 반올림하세요.
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 1000 mL 백을 07:00에 시작해 펌프로 75 mL/h로 주입하고 있습니다. 08:00에 백에 남은 양은 몇 mL V인가요?
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 연습용 차트에 GCS 12, E3, V4가 기록되어 있습니다. 기록된 운동 점수 M은(는) 얼마이며 어떤 반응을 나타냅니까? 숫자를 답하세요.
연습 문제(임의로 만든 값이며 임상 지침이 아닙니다). 성인의 체중이 47 kg이고 키가 168 cm입니다. BMI를 계산하고 WHO 체중 분류를 클릭하세요.
답: C · So scores can be compared to see whether pain is improving
Using one tool consistently lets the team see trends and judge whether treatment works. The tool chosen should suit the patient's age and ability to communicate.
답: C · Helping a stable patient walk to the bathroom
Routine help with care for a stable patient can be delegated. Assessment, teaching and evaluation need registered nurse judgement.
답: C · Lower than the elbows, so water runs off the fingertips
For routine handwashing, hands are held lower than the elbows so dirty water flows off the fingertips into the sink, not up the arms. For a surgical scrub, the opposite applies.
답: C · Decontaminate them outside, with staff wearing appropriate PPE
Contaminated patients are decontaminated outside the department so the chemical is not brought inside to harm staff and other patients. Staff doing this wear PPE suited to the hazard.
답: C · Antihypertensive drugs
Removing fluid during dialysis can cause hypotension, so blood pressure drugs are often held before treatment as prescribed. Some drugs are also removed by dialysis and given afterwards.
답: A · Metabolic alkalosis
Repeated vomiting of stomach contents loses hydrochloric acid, causing metabolic alkalosis, often with low chloride and potassium. Fluids and electrolytes are corrected before surgery.
답: A · Increased urine output, less breathlessness and a falling weight
Effective diuresis increases urine output and reduces congestion, so breathing improves and weight falls. Electrolytes, renal function and blood pressure are also monitored.
답: D · Pre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
Fluid loss reduces kidney perfusion, causing pre-renal AKI. Prompt fluid replacement can restore function before the kidney tissue itself is damaged.
답: A · It falls, because GFR rises
In pregnancy, kidney blood flow and GFR rise by about 50%, so creatinine falls below non-pregnant values. A creatinine that looks "normal" for a non-pregnant adult may indicate reduced kidney function in pregnancy.
답: D · "Dried apricots and raisins will be a good snack for me now"
Dried fruits such as apricots and raisins are very high in potassium and should be limited in kidney disease with hyperkalemia. Limiting high-potassium foods, leaching vegetables and reading labels are correct strategies.확인 출처: Potassium in diet · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Spironolactone · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2018)
답: A · To reduce the risk of oral thrush (candidiasis) and hoarseness
Steroid left in the mouth and throat suppresses local immunity and can cause candidiasis and a hoarse voice. Rinsing and spitting, and using a spacer, reduce this risk.
답: C · Amiodarone
Amiodarone is used for VF or pulseless VT that persists after shocks, with lidocaine as an alternative. Adenosine, digoxin and verapamil have no role in VF.
답: D · Myocardial ischaemia
New horizontal or downsloping ST depression during pain suggests myocardial ischaemia, as in unstable angina or NSTEMI. It should be reported immediately with serial ECGs and troponins. ST depression can also reflect reciprocal change opposite a STEMI.
답: A · Not start CPR, call for support, and provide dignity and comfort
A valid do-not-attempt-CPR decision means CPR is not attempted. Other appropriate care continues, the senior team and family are informed and the patient is cared for with dignity. Nurses should check that the decision is valid and applies to the situation.
답: A · To reduce brain injury from delayed vasospasm
Nimodipine, a calcium channel blocker, reduces the risk of poor outcome from delayed cerebral ischaemia caused by vasospasm. Blood pressure must be monitored because it can cause hypotension.
답: B · 혈압과 헤모글로빈. 과도하게 오르면 혈전 위험이 커지기 때문
ESA는 고혈압을 일으킬 수 있고, 헤모글로빈이 너무 높게 올라가면 혈전증과 뇌졸중 위험을 높입니다. 헤모글로빈은 중간 범위(흔히 약 100~120 g/L)를 목표로 합니다. 철 결핍이 반응을 제한하므로 철분 저장량을 확인합니다.
답: D · Hypomagnesaemia
Long-term PPIs are linked with low magnesium, C. difficile infection, fractures and B12 deficiency. The need for continuing treatment should be reviewed regularly.
답: D · Necrotising fasciitis
Necrotising soft tissue infection spreads rapidly along fascial planes and can cause septic shock. It is a surgical emergency needing urgent debridement, IV antibiotics and sepsis care.
답: C · Review her medicines with her doctor before conception
Preconception review allows a switch to the lowest-risk effective drug, often at the lowest effective dose, and higher-dose folic acid. Most women can breastfeed while taking antiepileptics.
답: A · Ruptured vasa praevia
Rupture of the membranes can tear unprotected fetal vessels in vasa praevia. Fetal blood loss causes rapid bradycardia while the mother stays stable. An emergency caesarean is needed.
답: C · More fibre and fluids, a regular toilet time after meals and laxatives if prescribed
Management of functional constipation combines diet (fibre, fluids), regular unhurried toilet sitting after meals, praise-based behaviour support and prescribed laxatives. Withholding stool at school worsens it.
답: A · Keep them apart, not sharing rooms, equipment or play areas
People with CF can pass bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia to each other, worsening lung disease. Children with CF are kept apart in hospital and clinics, and equipment is not shared.
답: D · Keep to his usual routines where possible and prepare him for any changes
Predictability reduces distress. Nurses keep routines, use clear and concrete language, reduce sensory stimulation, use visual supports and work closely with the parents, who know the child best.
답: C · Assess the patient, including his vital signs and level of sedation
After a medicine error, the first step is to assess and monitor the patient for any effects. The nurse then informs the prescriber and the nurse in charge, follows instructions, documents and reports the incident.
답: T = 102.9 °F
온도: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9, °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. °F에서 변환할 때는 곱하기 전에 32를 빼고, °C에서 변환할 때는 곱한 뒤에 32를 더합니다. 빠른 확인: 37 °C는 98.6 °F이고, 1 °C마다 1.8 °F입니다.
답: t = 8.92 h
24시간제: 오후 1시부터는 시각에 12를 더합니다(오후 3:45 = 15:45). 자정부터 오전 12:59는 00:00–00:59이고, 오후 12:00–12:59는 그대로 12:00–12:59입니다. 되돌릴 때는 13–23시에서 12를 빼고 오후를 붙이며, 00시는 오전 12시가 됩니다. 자정을 넘는 시간은 두 부분으로 세세요. 24:00(00:00)까지, 그리고 00:00부터.
답: V = 0.4 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
답: V = 0.43 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
답: R = 80 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
미세 점적 세트(60 gtt/mL)에서는 gtt/min이 mL/h와 같습니다.
답: D = 120 mg/h
주입 속도: 펌프는 mL/h = 부피/시간(시간 단위)으로 설정합니다. 중력 점적은 분당 방울 수로 셉니다: gtt/min = 부피(mL) × 점적 계수(gtt/mL)/시간(min). 점적 계수는 수액 세트 포장에 인쇄되어 있습니다: 대점적 세트는 10, 15, 20 gtt/mL(수혈 세트는 미국에서 흔히 10 gtt/mL, 영국에서 15), 미세 점적 세트는 60 gtt/mL입니다. 항상 문제나 포장에 나온 점적 계수를 사용하세요.
답: U = 0.97 mL/kg/h
섭취량과 배설량: 섭취량에는 들어가는 모든 것(경구 수분, 정맥 주입, 정맥 투약과 플러시, 경관 영양)을 포함하며, 얼음 조각은 부피의 절반으로 계산합니다. 배설량에는 소변, 배액, 구토, 기타 손실이 포함됩니다. 균형 = 총섭취량 − 총배설량이며, 음수이면 순손실입니다. 숫자는 연습용일 뿐입니다. 실제 임상에서는 항상 기관 프로토콜을 따르고 고위험 약물 용량은 이중 확인을 받으세요.
답: V = 925 mL
주입 시간: 시간(h) = 주입할 부피(mL)/속도(mL/h). 백의 용량이 아니라 백에 남아 있는 부피를 쓰세요. 주입된 부피 = 속도 × 시간. 소수 시간은 소수 부분 × 60으로 시와 분으로 바꾸세요(0.5 h = 50분이 아니라 30분). 숫자는 연습용일 뿐입니다. 실제 임상에서는 항상 기관 프로토콜을 따르고 고위험 약물 용량은 이중 확인을 받으세요.
답: M = 5
글래스고 혼수 척도: 세 영역에서 가장 좋은 반응을 더합니다. 눈 뜨기 E: 4 자발적, 3 소리나 말에, 2 압박에, 1 없음. 언어 V: 5 지남력 있음, 4 혼돈, 3 부적절한 단어, 2 알아들을 수 없는 소리, 1 없음. 운동 M: 6 명령에 따름, 5 자극 부위 찾기, 4 정상 굴곡(회피), 3 비정상 굴곡, 2 신전, 1 없음. 총점은 3부터 15까지입니다. 두부 손상 후에는 보통 13–15를 경도, 9–12를 중등도, 3–8을 중증이라고 합니다.
답: 저체중
체질량지수: BMI = 체중(kg)/키(m)²이며, 키는 먼저 미터로 환산합니다. 파운드와 인치를 쓸 때는 BMI = 703 × 체중(lb)/키(in)²입니다. WHO 성인 분류: 18.5 미만 저체중, 18.5–24.9 건강 체중, 25.0–29.9 과체중, 30.0–34.9 1단계 비만, 35.0–39.9 2단계 비만, 40 이상 3단계 비만.
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