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뇌전증에서 총 혈청 발프로산(발프로이산)의 흔히 인용되는 치료 범위는 얼마인가요?

1. A약 5–10 mcg/mL (mg/L)
2. B약 50–100 mcg/mL (mg/L)
3. C약 500–1000 mcg/mL (mg/L)
4. D약 0.6–1.2 mcg/mL (mg/L)

소변 비중 1.035는 가장 가능성이 높게 무엇을 시사하나요?

1. A탈수에서처럼 농축된 소변
2. B요붕증에서처럼 매우 묽은 소변
3. C요로 감염
4. D모든 환자에서 정상인 소변

A blood lactate level above about which value is usually considered raised in an adult?

1. A0.2 mmol/L
2. B2 mmol/L
3. C20 mmol/L
4. D10 mmol/L

Which blood collection practice helps prevent hemolysis of the sample?

1. AForcing blood quickly through a needle into the tube
2. BGently inverting the tubes instead of shaking them
3. CLeaving the tourniquet on for at least 3 minutes
4. DUsing the smallest needle available for every patient

A healthy patient's result is slightly outside the laboratory reference range, and all other results are normal. Which statement best explains why this can happen?

1. ARanges cover about 95% of healthy people, so some fall outside
2. BAny result outside the range always means disease is present
3. CReference ranges are the same in every laboratory worldwide
4. DReference ranges include every healthy person without exception

Why is a blood β-hydroxybutyrate level often preferred to a urine ketone dipstick in DKA?

1. AIt shows the average ketone level over the past three months
2. BThe urine dipstick only detects ketones in people without diabetes
3. CIt is the only test that can measure glucose and ketones together
4. DIt measures the main ketone in DKA, and the dipstick may miss it

A nursing student has a positive interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) for tuberculosis, no symptoms and a normal chest X-ray. What does this most likely mean?

1. ALatent TB infection, which is not contagious
2. BA false result, as the test does not detect TB
3. CPast BCG vaccination only, with no infection
4. DActive pulmonary TB, which is contagious

A patient has marked generalized edema. Results show heavy proteinuria, serum albumin 1.8 g/dL (18 g/L) and total cholesterol 340 mg/dL (8.8 mmol/L). Which condition fits best?

1. APrerenal kidney injury
2. BAcute pyelonephritis
3. CLiver cirrhosis only
4. DNephrotic syndrome