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What is the main purpose of a Gram stain?

1. ATo test which antibiotics a bacterium is sensitive to
2. BTo sort bacteria quickly into gram-positive or negative
3. CTo detect viruses in a sample of respiratory secretions
4. DTo measure exactly how many bacteria are in the blood

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency typically causes which type of anemia?

1. AAplastic anemia, with an empty bone marrow
2. BMacrocytic anemia, with large red cells
3. CHemolytic anemia, with destroyed red cells
4. DMicrocytic anemia, with small red cells

What is a typical adult reference range for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

1. AAbout 40–80 mIU/L
2. BAbout 0.4–4.0 mIU/L
3. CAbout 0.01–0.04 mIU/L
4. DAbout 10–20 mIU/L

A patient starts high-dose prednisone. Which laboratory change should the nurse expect?

1. AA fall in the white cell count
2. BA fall in serum sodium
3. CA rise in blood glucose
4. DA rise in serum potassium

When should a blood sample for a digoxin level be drawn to be interpreted correctly?

1. AWithin 30 minutes after an oral dose to show the peak level
2. BOnly after a meal, because food is needed for absorption
3. CAt any time, because digoxin levels do not change during the day
4. DAt least 6–8 hours after a dose, often just before the next one

A patient with hyponatremia from SIADH starts tolvaptan. Why is the serum sodium checked frequently in the first day?

1. AThe sodium can rise too quickly
2. BThe drug lowers blood glucose sharply
3. CThe drug causes severe hyperkalemia
4. DThe sodium always falls further

A patient with kidney stones and fatigue has a calcium of 11.6 mg/dL (2.9 mmol/L), a high parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a low phosphate. Which condition is most likely?

1. APrimary hyperparathyroidism
2. BHypoparathyroidism
3. CVitamin D deficiency
4. DCancer-related hypercalcemia

An older adult has bone pain, fatigue and frequent infections. Results show anemia, a calcium of 12.4 mg/dL (3.1 mmol/L), a raised total protein and a rising creatinine. Which condition should be suspected?

1. AAcute viral hepatitis
2. BPrimary hypothyroidism
3. CMultiple myeloma
4. DIron-deficiency anemia