정답이 있는 내외과: 신경계, 내분비계, 신장 학습지

Which statement about adult polycystic kidney disease is correct?

1. AIt is inherited, and cysts slowly enlarge both kidneys
2. BIt is caused by repeated urinary infections
3. CIt only ever affects one of the two kidneys
4. DIt is caused by drinking too little water

What is the main cause of type 1 diabetes?

1. AInsulin resistance caused mainly by excess body weight
2. BA lack of glucagon from the pancreas
3. CEating too much sugar and sweet food during childhood
4. DAutoimmune destruction of the insulin-making beta cells

Which description best fits type 2 diabetes?

1. AA total lack of insulin from birth
2. BAutoimmune destruction of all beta cells in childhood
3. CToo much insulin released after meals
4. DInsulin resistance with a relative lack of insulin

A patient with migraine takes painkillers or triptans on most days and now has a headache almost every day. What is the likely problem?

1. ANormal progress of migraine
2. BMedication overuse headache
3. CAn allergy to the painkillers
4. DA brain tumour, which is almost certain

A patient on insulin asks about drinking alcohol. Which advice is correct?

1. AAlcohol has no effect on blood glucose in people with diabetes
2. BAlcohol can cause hypos, even the next day, so eat carbs with it
3. CAlcohol raises glucose, so extra insulin should be taken first
4. DAlcohol should replace a meal on the days it is drunk

Why is levodopa combined with carbidopa (or benserazide)?

1. ATo make levodopa cross into the brain more slowly and evenly
2. BTo prevent tolerance from developing to levodopa over time
3. CTo stop levodopa being converted to dopamine outside the brain
4. DTo add a separate effect that reduces the resting tremor directly

A patient with myasthenia gravis took extra pyridostigmine doses. They now have more weakness, heavy salivation, sweating, diarrhoea, small pupils and a slow pulse. What is most likely?

1. AA myasthenic crisis from too little medication
2. BA normal response to a higher dose
3. CAn allergic reaction to the drug
4. DA cholinergic crisis from too much medication

A patient with a known ureteric stone develops a fever of 39 °C (102.2 °F) and rigors. Scanning shows a blocked, swollen kidney. What is needed?

1. AOral antibiotics and waiting for the stone to pass
2. BStrong pain relief alone, then discharge
3. CA fluid restriction to reduce the swelling
4. DUrgent drainage of the kidney plus IV antibiotics