Užduočių lapas tema Laboratorinės reikšmės ir elektrolitai su atsakymais

Where are urinary casts formed?

1. AIn the kidney tubules
2. BIn the urinary bladder
3. CIn the urethra
4. DIn the ureters

The HbA1c reflects the average blood glucose over about which period?

1. AThe past 1–2 weeks
2. BThe past 1–2 years
3. CThe past 24 hours
4. DThe past 2–3 months

What is the usual BUN-to-creatinine ratio in a healthy adult (using mg/dL)?

1. AAbout 100:1 to 200:1
2. BAbout 50:1 to 60:1
3. CAbout 1:1 to 2:1
4. DAbout 10:1 to 20:1

When blood is drawn from a central venous catheter, why is a small volume of blood usually discarded first, according to policy?

1. ATo check that the catheter tip is still in the right vein
2. BTo avoid diluting the sample with flush or infusion fluid
3. CTo lower the patient's hemoglobin for a blood transfusion
4. DTo remove blood clots that form in all central lines

A patient with sickle cell disease takes hydroxyurea. Which laboratory test is monitored regularly for an adverse effect?

1. ASerum lithium level
2. BUrine ketone level
3. CSerum amylase level
4. DComplete blood count

A healthy patient's result is slightly outside the laboratory reference range, and all other results are normal. Which statement best explains why this can happen?

1. AAny result outside the range always means disease is present
2. BRanges cover about 95% of healthy people, so some fall outside
3. CReference ranges include every healthy person without exception
4. DReference ranges are the same in every laboratory worldwide

A frail older adult in a nursing home has been drinking very little during a heat wave. She is confused, and her sodium is 158 mEq/L. Which treatment would the nurse expect?

1. AStrict fluid restriction to below 800 mL a day
2. BGradual replacement of free water over many hours
3. CA loop diuretic to remove the extra sodium quickly
4. DRapid infusion of 3% saline to raise the volume

A patient taking an SGLT2 inhibitor has nausea and fast breathing. Glucose 190 mg/dL (10,5 mmol/L), pH 7,15, bicarbonate 10 mEq/L, blood ketones high. What is the most likely diagnosis?

1. ASimple fasting ketosis only
2. BEuglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis
3. CHyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
4. DRespiratory acidosis from COPD