Kawalan Jangkitan dan Keselamatan Pesakit: pek ulang kaji kilat

Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 6 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.

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1Formula dan kaedah

Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Kaedah

  1. Mulakan dengan langkah berjaga-jaga standard untuk setiap pesakit: kebersihan tangan, PPE untuk pendedahan yang dijangka, benda tajam yang selamat.
  2. Tambah langkah berjaga-jaga mengikut laluan: sentuhan (gaun, sarung tangan), titisan (pelitup muka pembedahan), bawaan udara (N95, bilik tekanan negatif).
  3. Pastikan item steril kekal steril: jika ragu-ragu, ia tidak steril; gantikan, jangan sekali-kali dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya dalam persekitaran: langkah pencegahan jatuh, sekatan hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Semak hak pemberian ubat, dua pengenalpastian dan perlindungan tambahan untuk ubat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesilapan dan hampir-hampir terlepas.

2Soalan latihan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSederhana

A patient has a weak left leg. Which instruction about using a cane is correct?

  1. AKeep the cane well out to the side, away from the body
  2. BHold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
  3. CHold the cane in the left hand, on the weaker side
  4. DMove the cane and the right leg forward together
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar

A patient on oxygen needs an MRI scan. Which plan is safe?

  1. ARemove the oxygen for the scan without telling anyone
  2. BTake the usual steel cylinder into the room if it is tightly strapped to the trolley frame
  3. CUse only MRI-safe equipment, and never take a standard steel oxygen cylinder into the scanner room
  4. DLeave the steel cylinder on the patient’s bed during the scan
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana

Why should enteric-coated tablets not be crushed?

  1. ACrushing makes the dose roughly twice as strong as the whole tablet
  2. BCrushing makes the drug inactive in water
  3. CCrushing makes the tablet taste so bitter that patients refuse it
  4. DCrushing removes the coating that protects the stomach or drug
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar

A dying patient's breathing gets deeper and faster, then shallower, followed by a pause with no breathing, in a repeating cycle. What is this pattern called?

  1. AKussmaul breathing
  2. BParadoxical breathing
  3. CCheyne–Stokes breathing
  4. DBiot's breathing
5.MikrobiologiSederhana

Bakteria manakah yang menyebabkan batuk kokol (pertusis)?

  1. ACorynebacterium diphtheriae
  2. BHaemophilus influenzae
  3. CBordetella pertussis
  4. DMycoplasma pneumoniae
6.MikrobiologiSukar

Beberapa orang muntah dalam beberapa jam selepas makan nasi goreng yang dimasak sehari sebelumnya dan disimpan pada suhu bilik. Organisma manakah punca klasik?

  1. ASalmonella Typhi
  2. BBacillus cereus
  3. CListeria monocytogenes
  4. DClostridium botulinum

3Larutan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: B · Hold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side

Mengapa ini jawapannya

The cane is held on the strong side and moved forward with the weak leg, so it shares the weight that the weak leg cannot take. It is kept close to the body for stability.

Jawapan

B · Hold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: C · Use only MRI-safe equipment, and never take a standard steel oxygen cylinder into the scanner room

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Steel oxygen cylinders can become projectiles in an MRI room and cause fatal injuries. Only equipment labeled MRI-safe is used, and the patient’s oxygen needs are planned with the MRI team.

Jawapan

C · Use only MRI-safe equipment, and never take a standard steel oxygen cylinder into the scanner room
3.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: D · Crushing removes the coating that protects the stomach or drug

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Enteric coatings stop the tablet dissolving until it reaches the small intestine, protecting the stomach lining or the drug from stomach acid. Crushing destroys this protection.

Jawapan

D · Crushing removes the coating that protects the stomach or drug
4.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: C · Cheyne–Stokes breathing

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Cheyne–Stokes breathing is a cyclical rise and fall in depth with periods of apnoea. It is common near the end of life and in severe heart failure or brain injury.

Jawapan

C · Cheyne–Stokes breathing
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: C · Bordetella pertussis

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Bordetella pertussis menyebabkan serangan batuk yang panjang dengan bunyi "whoop". Ia paling berbahaya kepada bayi kecil, itulah sebabnya vaksinasi semasa kehamilan ditawarkan di banyak negara.

Jawapan

C · Bordetella pertussis
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: B · Bacillus cereus

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Spora Bacillus cereus bertahan daripada pendidihan. Jika nasi yang dimasak dibiarkan suam, bakteria tumbuh dan menghasilkan toksin emetik yang tahan haba, maka memanaskan semula tidak menjadikan nasi itu selamat.

Jawapan

B · Bacillus cereus

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety