Kawalan Jangkitan dan Keselamatan Pesakit: pek ulang kaji kilat

Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 6 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.

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1Formula dan kaedah

Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Kaedah

  1. Mulakan dengan langkah berjaga-jaga standard untuk setiap pesakit: kebersihan tangan, PPE untuk pendedahan yang dijangka, benda tajam yang selamat.
  2. Tambah langkah berjaga-jaga mengikut laluan: sentuhan (gaun, sarung tangan), titisan (pelitup muka pembedahan), bawaan udara (N95, bilik tekanan negatif).
  3. Pastikan item steril kekal steril: jika ragu-ragu, ia tidak steril; gantikan, jangan sekali-kali dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya dalam persekitaran: langkah pencegahan jatuh, sekatan hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Semak hak pemberian ubat, dua pengenalpastian dan perlindungan tambahan untuk ubat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesilapan dan hampir-hampir terlepas.

2Soalan latihan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSederhana

Which practice reduces back strain when a nurse moves a patient or heavy object?

  1. AKeep the load close to the body and avoid twisting
  2. BHold the load at arm’s length to keep it steady
  3. CBend at the waist and keep both knees straight
  4. DStand with the feet close together for balance
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar

A patient sitting in a chair starts to have a generalized seizure. What should the nurse do?

  1. ALeave to get the provider, then return
  2. BEase the patient to the floor, protect the head and turn them on their side
  3. CHold the patient firmly in the chair until the seizure stops
  4. DPut a padded tongue blade between the teeth to protect the tongue and airway
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana

A patient with capacity wants to leave hospital against medical advice. What should the nurse do?

  1. ALet them go without telling anyone
  2. BHide the patient's clothes so they cannot leave
  3. CLock the ward door to keep the patient in until the doctor arrives
  4. DExplain the risks, inform the doctor and document the discussion
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar

Why can a patient with a high fever be in negative fluid balance even when measured intake equals measured output?

  1. AFever makes the kidneys produce extra urine that cannot be measured
  2. BFever increases unmeasured fluid loss through sweating and breathing
  3. CFever has no effect on the body's water balance
  4. DFever causes the body to make extra water from fat
5.MikrobiologiSederhana

Organisma manakah punca lazim jangkitan pada luka melecur dan pada orang dengan fibrosis sista, dan boleh menghasilkan pigmen hijau?

  1. APseudomonas aeruginosa
  2. BStreptococcus pyogenes
  3. CClostridium tetani
  4. DHelicobacter pylori
6.MikrobiologiSukar

Kateter kencing telah dijajah oleh bakteria dalam biofilem. Mengapakah kateter itu biasanya diganti dan bukannya sekadar diberi antibiotik?

  1. ABakteria dalam biofilem dilindungi dan jauh lebih sukar dibunuh oleh antibiotik
  2. BAntibiotik merosakkan bahan kateter
  3. CBiofilem hanya mengandungi virus, maka antibiotik tidak berkesan
  4. DBakteria biofilem tidak boleh menyebabkan penyakit

3Larutan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: A · Keep the load close to the body and avoid twisting

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Good body mechanics include a wide base of support, bending at the hips and knees, keeping the load close and turning with the feet instead of twisting the spine. Lifting aids are used whenever possible.

Jawapan

A · Keep the load close to the body and avoid twisting
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: B · Ease the patient to the floor, protect the head and turn them on their side

Mengapa ini jawapannya

The nurse guides the patient gently to the floor, cushions the head, moves objects away and turns the patient on their side to protect the airway. The nurse stays, times the seizure and calls for help.

Jawapan

B · Ease the patient to the floor, protect the head and turn them on their side
3.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: D · Explain the risks, inform the doctor and document the discussion

Mengapa ini jawapannya

An adult with capacity can discharge themselves. The nurse explains the risks, involves the doctor, offers follow-up and documents the decision; detaining them would be unlawful.

Jawapan

D · Explain the risks, inform the doctor and document the discussion
4.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: B · Fever increases unmeasured fluid loss through sweating and breathing

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Insensible losses through the skin and lungs are not measured and rise with fever and fast breathing. A balanced chart can therefore hide a real fluid deficit.

Jawapan

B · Fever increases unmeasured fluid loss through sweating and breathing
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: A · Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ialah patogen oportunis pada luka melecur, pesakit berventilator dan paru-paru fibrosis sista. Ia secara semula jadi rintang terhadap banyak antibiotik.

Jawapan

A · Pseudomonas aeruginosa
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: A · Bakteria dalam biofilem dilindungi dan jauh lebih sukar dibunuh oleh antibiotik

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Dalam biofilem, bakteria hidup dalam matriks pelindung, tumbuh perlahan dan boleh menahan paras antibiotik yang tinggi. Mengeluarkan peranti menyingkirkan sumber jangkitan.

Jawapan

A · Bakteria dalam biofilem dilindungi dan jauh lebih sukar dibunuh oleh antibiotik

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety