During a surgical hand scrub, how are the hands held?
ABelow the elbows, so water runs off the fingertips into the sink
BAt the level of the waist, close to the body
CAbove the elbows, so water runs from the fingertips toward the elbows
DPointing downward into the sink at all times
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar
A chemical cloud has been released near the hospital, and authorities order “shelter in place”. What should staff do?
AKeep everyone inside, close windows and doors and shut off outside air intake
BSend all visitors home through the main entrance
COpen the windows to let fresh air into the wards and dilute the chemical
DEvacuate all patients into the car park at once
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana
A patient has just finished a glass of iced water. How should this affect taking an oral temperature?
AWait about 15–30 minutes, as the reading may be falsely low
BTake it straight away, as cold drinks do not affect the mouth
CAdd half a degree to the reading to correct for the drink
DUse the reading but only if the patient says they feel warm
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar
Before giving a PRN dose of oral morphine, which assessment is most important?
AThe respiratory rate and level of sedation
BThe patient's weight and height, recorded on admission
CThe patient's last bowel movement
DThe patient's blood glucose level
5.MikrobiologiSederhana
Dalam rantaian jangkitan, apakah "reservoir"?
AOrang yang paling berisiko mendapat jangkitan
BCara patogen memasuki perumah baharu
CTempat patogen lazimnya hidup dan membiak
DLaluan patogen meninggalkan badan perumah yang dijangkiti
6.MikrobiologiSukar
Mekanisme rintangan antibiotik manakah yang digunakan bakteria apabila ia mengepam ubat keluar daripada sel?
APenyahaktifan enzim
BPengambilan porin yang berkurang sahaja
CPam efluks
DPengubahsuaian sasaran
3Larutan
1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: C · Above the elbows, so water runs from the fingertips toward the elbows
Mengapa ini jawapannya
After a surgical scrub, the hands are the cleanest area, so they are held above the elbows to let water drain away from them toward the less clean elbows.
Jawapan
C · Above the elbows, so water runs from the fingertips toward the elbows
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: A · Keep everyone inside, close windows and doors and shut off outside air intake
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Sheltering in place keeps people inside, away from the hazard. Windows and doors are closed and ventilation systems that bring in outside air are shut off until the all-clear.
Jawapan
A · Keep everyone inside, close windows and doors and shut off outside air intake
3.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: A · Wait about 15–30 minutes, as the reading may be falsely low
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Hot or cold drinks, eating and smoking change the temperature in the mouth for a while. The nurse waits 15–30 minutes or uses another site.
Jawapan
A · Wait about 15–30 minutes, as the reading may be falsely low
4.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: A · The respiratory rate and level of sedation
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Opioids can cause sedation and respiratory depression. Checking breathing and alertness before each dose, as well as the pain score, keeps the patient safe.
Jawapan
A · The respiratory rate and level of sedation
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: C · Tempat patogen lazimnya hidup dan membiak
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Rantaian jangkitan menghubungkan agen, reservoir, pintu keluar, cara penularan, pintu masuk dan perumah yang mudah terdedah. Memutuskan mana-mana mata rantai menghentikan penularan.
Jawapan
C · Tempat patogen lazimnya hidup dan membiak
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: C · Pam efluks
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Pam efluks mengeksport antibiotik secara aktif seperti tetrasiklin dan fluorokuinolon, mengekalkan kepekatan di dalam terlalu rendah untuk berkesan.