ABack at the station after all the samples are collected
BBy the laboratory staff after the tubes arrive
CAt the bedside, in front of the patient, right after collection
DAt the nurses’ station before going to the patient, to save time
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar
Minutes after the first IV dose of an antibiotic starts, the patient develops wheezing, hives and low blood pressure. What should the nurse do first?
ASlow the infusion rate
BRecord the new allergy in the chart
CStop the infusion
DGive an oral antihistamine
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana
A patient you are walking with starts to fall. What should you do?
AEase them gently to the floor while protecting their head
BGrab them under the armpits and lift them
CTry to hold them upright with your arms around their chest
DLet go quickly and call for help
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar
According to current European (ERC) and 2025 American Heart Association guidelines, what is the first action for a conscious adult who is choking and cannot cough effectively?
AStart chest compressions at once
BGive a glass of water
CGive 5 rescue breaths
DGive up to 5 back blows
5.MikrobiologiSederhana
Apakah faktor virulens utama Streptococcus pneumoniae, dan sasaran vaksinnya?
AEndosporanya
BToksin seperti kolera
CKapsul polisakaridanya
DFlagelanya
6.MikrobiologiSukar
Mengapakah Chlamydia trachomatis biasanya didiagnosis dengan ujian amplifikasi asid nukleik dan bukannya kultur rutin pada agar?
AIa virus dan tidak mempunyai DNA
BIa bakteria intrasel mandatori yang tidak boleh tumbuh pada media biasa
CIa mati serta-merta dengan kehadiran oksigen
DIa terlalu besar untuk tumbuh pada plat agar
3Larutan
1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: C · At the bedside, in front of the patient, right after collection
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Labeling tubes at the bedside, using two patient identifiers and in the patient’s presence, prevents wrong-patient specimens. Pre-labeled or later-labeled tubes are easily mixed up.
Jawapan
C · At the bedside, in front of the patient, right after collection
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: C · Stop the infusion
Mengapa ini jawapannya
These are signs of anaphylaxis. The nurse stops the infusion at once, calls for help and supports the airway, and intramuscular epinephrine (adrenaline) is the first-line treatment. Documentation comes later.
Jawapan
C · Stop the infusion
3.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: A · Ease them gently to the floor while protecting their head
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Trying to stop a fall can injure both the nurse and the patient. The nurse widens their stance, supports the patient and guides them down, protecting the head.
Jawapan
A · Ease them gently to the floor while protecting their head
4.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: D · Give up to 5 back blows
Mengapa ini jawapannya
For severe airway obstruction in a conscious adult, give up to 5 back blows, then up to 5 abdominal thrusts if needed, and repeat. Older US teaching started with abdominal thrusts alone. If they become unresponsive, start CPR.
Jawapan
D · Give up to 5 back blows
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: C · Kapsul polisakaridanya
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Kapsul melindungi S. pneumoniae daripada fagositosis. Terdapat banyak jenis kapsul, dan vaksin pneumokokus mengandungi polisakarida kapsul daripada jenis yang paling lazim.
Jawapan
C · Kapsul polisakaridanya
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: B · Ia bakteria intrasel mandatori yang tidak boleh tumbuh pada media biasa
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Chlamydia meniru hanya di dalam sel perumah, maka ia tidak boleh ditumbuhkan pada agar. NAAT seperti PCR pada air kencing atau calitan adalah sensitif dan merupakan ujian diagnostik piawai.
Jawapan
B · Ia bakteria intrasel mandatori yang tidak boleh tumbuh pada media biasa