Kawalan Jangkitan dan Keselamatan Pesakit: pek ulang kaji kilat

Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 6 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.

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1Formula dan kaedah

Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Kaedah

  1. Mulakan dengan langkah berjaga-jaga standard untuk setiap pesakit: kebersihan tangan, PPE untuk pendedahan yang dijangka, benda tajam yang selamat.
  2. Tambah langkah berjaga-jaga mengikut laluan: sentuhan (gaun, sarung tangan), titisan (pelitup muka pembedahan), bawaan udara (N95, bilik tekanan negatif).
  3. Pastikan item steril kekal steril: jika ragu-ragu, ia tidak steril; gantikan, jangan sekali-kali dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya dalam persekitaran: langkah pencegahan jatuh, sekatan hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Semak hak pemberian ubat, dua pengenalpastian dan perlindungan tambahan untuk ubat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesilapan dan hampir-hampir terlepas.

2Soalan latihan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSederhana

Before helping a patient from bed into a wheelchair, what should the nurse do with the wheelchair?

  1. APlace it on the patient’s weaker side so that side is supported
  2. BLeave the brakes off so the chair can move along with the patient during the pivot
  3. CPlace it at the foot of the bed, facing away
  4. DLock the brakes and place it close to the bed on the patient’s stronger side
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar

While preparing a chemotherapy infusion, the drug splashes onto a nurse’s forearm. What should the nurse do first?

  1. AWipe the skin with an alcohol swab and continue preparing the infusion
  2. BRemove contaminated PPE and wash the skin with soap and water at once
  3. CCover the area with a dressing and report later
  4. DFinish hanging the infusion and then wash the skin
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana

How is a 24-hour urine collection started?

  1. AThe first urine of the morning is discarded and the time noted, then all urine is kept
  2. BThe first urine of the morning is kept and the rest of the day's urine is discarded
  3. CA sample is taken every four hours and the rest discarded
  4. DOnly urine passed at night is collected
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar

A runner collapses on a hot day with a temperature of 40.5 °C and confusion. Why will paracetamol (acetaminophen) not help much?

  1. AParacetamol needs a temperature below 37 °C to work
  2. BParacetamol makes the body produce more heat
  3. CParacetamol only lowers temperature in children, not in adults
  4. DThe heat comes from failed heat loss, not a raised set point
5.MikrobiologiSederhana

Jangkitan manakah komplikasi tipikal penggunaan antibiotik spektrum luas, yang menyebabkan cirit-birit teruk?

  1. AJangkitan Clostridioides difficile
  2. BJangkitan Helicobacter pylori
  3. CJangkitan Salmonella
  4. DHepatitis A
6.MikrobiologiSukar

Seorang dewasa muda dengan sakit tekak, demam dan nodus limfa yang bengkak diberi amoksisilin dan mengalami ruam yang meluas. Jangkitan manakah yang paling berkemungkinan?

  1. ATonsilitis streptokokus
  2. BMononukleosis berjangkit yang disebabkan oleh virus Epstein–Barr
  3. CCacar air
  4. DCampak

3Larutan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: D · Lock the brakes and place it close to the bed on the patient’s stronger side

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Locked brakes stop the chair rolling away during the transfer. Placing it close to the bed on the stronger side lets the patient lead with their strong leg.

Jawapan

D · Lock the brakes and place it close to the bed on the patient’s stronger side
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: B · Remove contaminated PPE and wash the skin with soap and water at once

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Skin exposure to hazardous drugs is washed immediately with soap and water after removing contaminated gloves or gown. The exposure is then reported and treated according to policy.

Jawapan

B · Remove contaminated PPE and wash the skin with soap and water at once
3.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: A · The first urine of the morning is discarded and the time noted, then all urine is kept

Mengapa ini jawapannya

The patient empties the bladder at the start and that urine is discarded. All urine for the next 24 hours is kept, including a final void at the end time.

Jawapan

A · The first urine of the morning is discarded and the time noted, then all urine is kept
4.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: D · The heat comes from failed heat loss, not a raised set point

Mengapa ini jawapannya

In fever the hypothalamus raises the set point, and antipyretics lower it. In heatstroke the set point is normal but heat cannot be lost, so active cooling is needed.

Jawapan

D · The heat comes from failed heat loss, not a raised set point
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: A · Jangkitan Clostridioides difficile

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Antibiotik membunuh bakteria usus normal, membolehkan C. difficile yang menghasilkan toksin membiak berlebihan. Sporanya tidak dibunuh oleh gel alkohol, maka perlu mencuci tangan dengan sabun dan air.

Jawapan

A · Jangkitan Clostridioides difficile
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: B · Mononukleosis berjangkit yang disebabkan oleh virus Epstein–Barr

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Demam kelenjar disebabkan oleh EBV. Ramai pesakit yang diberi amoksisilin semasa sakit mengalami ruam. Antibiotik tidak membantu kerana puncanya virus.

Jawapan

B · Mononukleosis berjangkit yang disebabkan oleh virus Epstein–Barr

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety