In the US (EPA/OSHA) hazmat system, which level of PPE gives the highest level of protection?
ALevel C
BLevel A
CLevel D
DLevel B
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar
A nurse teaches a patient going home with an MRSA wound infection. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will put used dressings in a sealed bag before throwing them out.”
B“I will wash my hands after touching my dressing.”
C“I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
D“I will keep the wound covered with a clean, dry dressing.”
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana
A patient has pneumonia in the right lung only. In which side-lying position is oxygenation usually best?
ALying on the left side
BLying flat on the back
CLying on the right side
DLying face down
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar
Why are a patient's observations checked about 15 minutes after a blood transfusion starts?
AIt is only for record-keeping purposes
BReactions only ever occur after the transfusion ends
CIt is the time the blood takes to warm up
DSerious reactions often happen early in a transfusion
5.MikrobiologiSederhana
Organisma manakah yang menyebabkan demam kepialu (tifoid)?
AVibrio cholerae
BCampylobacter jejuni
CSalmonella Typhi
DShigella dysenteriae
6.MikrobiologiSukar
Apakah yang ditunjukkan oleh eksperimen kelalang leher angsa Pasteur?
APendidihan tidak dapat membunuh mikroorganisma
BMikroorganisma memerlukan cahaya untuk tumbuh
CMikroorganisma datang daripada mikroorganisma lain, bukan daripada penjanaan spontan
DUdara sendiri menghasilkan mikroorganisma
3Larutan
1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: B · Level A
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Level A is a fully encapsulating, vapor-tight suit with self-contained breathing apparatus, used for unknown or highly toxic agents. Level D is ordinary work clothing with minimal protection.
Jawapan
B · Level A
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: C · “I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
Mengapa ini jawapannya
MRSA spreads by direct contact and shared items, so towels, razors and linen should not be shared. Hand hygiene, covering the wound and bagging dressings are correct.
Jawapan
C · “I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
3.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: A · Lying on the left side
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Gravity sends more blood to the lower lung. Placing the healthy lung down matches more blood flow to the lung that is ventilating well, improving oxygenation.
Jawapan
A · Lying on the left side
4.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: D · Serious reactions often happen early in a transfusion
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Severe reactions, such as ABO incompatibility and anaphylaxis, often appear soon after starting. Observations before, at about 15 minutes and at the end, plus close watching, allow early action.
Jawapan
D · Serious reactions often happen early in a transfusion
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: C · Salmonella Typhi
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Salmonella enterica serotip Typhi menyebabkan demam kepialu, penyakit sistemik dengan demam berpanjangan. Sesetengah orang menjadi pembawa kronik, selalunya dalam pundi hempedu.
Jawapan
C · Salmonella Typhi
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: C · Mikroorganisma datang daripada mikroorganisma lain, bukan daripada penjanaan spontan
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Kaldu yang dididihkan dalam kelalang berleher melengkung kekal steril kerana habuk dan mikrob terperangkap pada bahagian bengkok. Apabila leher dipatahkan, mikrob masuk dan tumbuh, lalu menyangkal penjanaan spontan.
Jawapan
C · Mikroorganisma datang daripada mikroorganisma lain, bukan daripada penjanaan spontan