A patient is on a ventilator. Which bed position helps to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia?
AHead of the bed raised about 10 degrees
BLying completely flat
CTrendelenburg position
DHead of the bed raised 30 to 45 degrees
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar
An 84-year-old resident with an indwelling catheter suddenly becomes confused but has no fever. What should the nurse consider?
AThe confusion is part of normal aging at this age and needs no further action
BAn infection may present as confusion in older adults, so assess further and report
CA sedative is needed to keep the resident calm
DInfection can be ruled out because there is no fever
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana
Which stool sample is suitable for Clostridioides difficile testing?
AA stool sample mixed with urine
BA dry smear of stool on a tissue
CA loose stool that takes the shape of the container
DA hard, formed stool collected first thing in the morning
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar
Which task is most appropriate for a registered nurse to delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
AEvaluating a patient who has just fallen
BHelping a stable patient walk to the bathroom
CAssessing a newly admitted patient's falls risk
DTeaching a patient how to use crutches
5.MikrobiologiSederhana
Banyak ubat antikulat menyasarkan ergosterol. Mengapakah ini berkesan?
AErgosterol terdapat dalam membran sel kulat tetapi tidak dalam sel manusia
BErgosterol ialah komponen struktur utama dinding sel bakteria
CErgosterol hanya terdapat dalam virus
DSel manusia menggunakan ergosterol untuk menghasilkan tenaga
6.MikrobiologiSukar
Mengapakah Chlamydia trachomatis biasanya didiagnosis dengan ujian amplifikasi asid nukleik dan bukannya kultur rutin pada agar?
AIa bakteria intrasel mandatori yang tidak boleh tumbuh pada media biasa
BIa virus dan tidak mempunyai DNA
CIa mati serta-merta dengan kehadiran oksigen
DIa terlalu besar untuk tumbuh pada plat agar
3Larutan
1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: D · Head of the bed raised 30 to 45 degrees
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Raising the head of the bed to 30–45 degrees reduces aspiration of oral and gastric secretions into the lungs. It is part of the usual ventilator care bundle, unless contraindicated.
Jawapan
D · Head of the bed raised 30 to 45 degrees
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: B · An infection may present as confusion in older adults, so assess further and report
Mengapa ini jawapannya
In older adults, infections such as urinary tract infection may present with new confusion, falls or reduced appetite rather than fever. Sudden confusion is assessed and reported, not dismissed as aging.
Jawapan
B · An infection may present as confusion in older adults, so assess further and report
3.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: C · A loose stool that takes the shape of the container
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Only diarrhoeal stool (types 5–7 on the Bristol Stool Chart) is tested for C. difficile. The sample is collected in a clean pot without urine contamination.
Jawapan
C · A loose stool that takes the shape of the container
4.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: B · Helping a stable patient walk to the bathroom
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Routine help with care for a stable patient can be delegated. Assessment, teaching and evaluation need registered nurse judgement.
Jawapan
B · Helping a stable patient walk to the bathroom
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: A · Ergosterol terdapat dalam membran sel kulat tetapi tidak dalam sel manusia
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Membran kulat mengandungi ergosterol, manakala membran manusia mengandungi kolesterol. Azol menyekat sintesis ergosterol dan amfoterisin mengikat ergosterol, maka ia menyasarkan kulat secara selektif.
Jawapan
A · Ergosterol terdapat dalam membran sel kulat tetapi tidak dalam sel manusia
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: A · Ia bakteria intrasel mandatori yang tidak boleh tumbuh pada media biasa
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Chlamydia meniru hanya di dalam sel perumah, maka ia tidak boleh ditumbuhkan pada agar. NAAT seperti PCR pada air kencing atau calitan adalah sensitif dan merupakan ujian diagnostik piawai.
Jawapan
A · Ia bakteria intrasel mandatori yang tidak boleh tumbuh pada media biasa