Kawalan Jangkitan dan Keselamatan Pesakit: pek ulang kaji kilat

Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 6 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.

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1Formula dan kaedah

Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Kaedah

  1. Mulakan dengan langkah berjaga-jaga standard untuk setiap pesakit: kebersihan tangan, PPE untuk pendedahan yang dijangka, benda tajam yang selamat.
  2. Tambah langkah berjaga-jaga mengikut laluan: sentuhan (gaun, sarung tangan), titisan (pelitup muka pembedahan), bawaan udara (N95, bilik tekanan negatif).
  3. Pastikan item steril kekal steril: jika ragu-ragu, ia tidak steril; gantikan, jangan sekali-kali dilap.
  4. Cegah bahaya dalam persekitaran: langkah pencegahan jatuh, sekatan hanya sebagai pilihan terakhir, RACE dan PASS untuk kebakaran.
  5. Semak hak pemberian ubat, dua pengenalpastian dan perlindungan tambahan untuk ubat berisiko tinggi; laporkan kesilapan dan hampir-hampir terlepas.

2Soalan latihan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSederhana

A person in scrubs without a hospital ID badge asks to take a newborn to the nursery. What should the nurse do?

  1. ARefuse, keep the baby with the mother and alert security
  2. BAsk the person their name and then give them the baby
  3. CHand over the baby if the person seems confident
  4. DLet the parents decide whether to hand the baby over
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar

A patient is admitted with suspected pneumonic plague after a possible bioterrorism release. Which precautions are used?

  1. AAirborne precautions
  2. BStandard precautions only
  3. CDroplet precautions
  4. DContact precautions only
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana

A patient says, "I've never seen this tablet before," as the nurse offers it. What should the nurse do?

  1. AReassure the patient that the tablet is correct and give it
  2. BLeave the tablet on the table for the patient to take later
  3. CStop and recheck the prescription before giving it
  4. DGive half the tablet until the doctor visits
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar

Why should a near miss be reported even though no harm occurred?

  1. ASo the nurse involved can be identified and disciplined
  2. BIt helps find and fix system problems before someone is harmed
  3. CIt does not need reporting if no one was harmed
  4. DBecause insurance companies require a report for every shift worked
5.MikrobiologiSederhana

Bagaimanakah autoklaf mensterilkan peralatan?

  1. ADengan haba kering pada kira-kira 60 °C
  2. BDengan wap bertekanan pada kira-kira 121 °C
  3. CDengan cahaya ultraungu sahaja
  4. DDengan wap alkohol pada suhu bilik
6.MikrobiologiSukar

Beberapa orang muntah dalam beberapa jam selepas makan nasi goreng yang dimasak sehari sebelumnya dan disimpan pada suhu bilik. Organisma manakah punca klasik?

  1. ABacillus cereus
  2. BClostridium botulinum
  3. CSalmonella Typhi
  4. DListeria monocytogenes

3Larutan

1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: A · Refuse, keep the baby with the mother and alert security

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Infants are only handed to staff with proper identification, as set out in the infant security policy. Suspicious behavior is reported to security at once, and parents are taught to do the same.

Jawapan

A · Refuse, keep the baby with the mother and alert security
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit

Jawapan: C · Droplet precautions

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Pneumonic plague spreads from person to person by respiratory droplets, so droplet precautions are used until the patient has had effective antibiotics for the period set by policy. Bubonic plague without lung involvement needs standard precautions.

Jawapan

C · Droplet precautions
3.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: C · Stop and recheck the prescription before giving it

Mengapa ini jawapannya

A patient questioning a medicine may be a sign of an error. The nurse holds the dose, checks the prescription and the drug and explains before giving it.

Jawapan

C · Stop and recheck the prescription before giving it
4.Asas kejururawatan

Jawapan: B · It helps find and fix system problems before someone is harmed

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Near misses show weaknesses in systems, such as confusing packaging or poor checks. Reporting them in a no-blame culture lets the organisation learn and prevent future harm.

Jawapan

B · It helps find and fix system problems before someone is harmed
5.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: B · Dengan wap bertekanan pada kira-kira 121 °C

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Wap bertekanan mencapai kira-kira 121 °C dan membunuh semua mikroorganisma, termasuk spora, biasanya dalam kira-kira 15 minit atau lebih bergantung pada muatan.

Jawapan

B · Dengan wap bertekanan pada kira-kira 121 °C
6.Mikrobiologi

Jawapan: A · Bacillus cereus

Mengapa ini jawapannya

Spora Bacillus cereus bertahan daripada pendidihan. Jika nasi yang dimasak dibiarkan suam, bakteria tumbuh dan menghasilkan toksin emetik yang tahan haba, maka memanaskan semula tidak menjadikan nasi itu selamat.

Jawapan

A · Bacillus cereus

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