Where should the dispersive (grounding) pad for electrosurgery be placed?
AOn skin that is wet with antiseptic prep
BOver a bony prominence such as the hip bone
COver an area with scar tissue or a tattoo, so that the pad does not slip
DOn clean, dry skin over a well-perfused muscle, close to the surgical site
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakitSukar
A patient dies after a wrong-drug error, and the hospital carries out a root cause analysis. What is its main focus?
AEstimating the legal costs for the hospital
BIdentifying which staff member made the error and should be disciplined
CDeciding whether to tell the family about the error
DFinding the system and process weaknesses that allowed the error
3.Asas kejururawatanSederhana
A patient cannot stand to be measured for the MUST screening tool. How can their height be estimated?
AFrom the length of the forearm (ulna)
BFrom the length of the bed
CFrom the size of the patient's shoes
DBy asking a visitor to guess
4.Asas kejururawatanSukar
Why must medicines for Parkinson's disease, such as levodopa, be given on time?
ALate doses cause the patient to fall asleep
BThe timing does not matter as long as the full daily total is given
CLate doses can cause severe stiffness, falls and swallowing problems
DThe drug becomes poisonous if it is given late
5.MikrobiologiSederhana
Banyak ubat antikulat menyasarkan ergosterol. Mengapakah ini berkesan?
AErgosterol terdapat dalam membran sel kulat tetapi tidak dalam sel manusia
BSel manusia menggunakan ergosterol untuk menghasilkan tenaga
CErgosterol hanya terdapat dalam virus
DErgosterol ialah komponen struktur utama dinding sel bakteria
6.MikrobiologiSukar
Prion berbeza daripada semua agen berjangkit lain kerana ia:
ATidak mengandungi asid nukleik dan terdiri daripada protein yang salah lipat
BDibunuh oleh memasak dan pembasmian kuman biasa
CMengandungi RNA sahaja, tanpa salutan protein yang mengelilingi genom
DHanya boleh menjangkiti bakteria
3Larutan
1.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: D · On clean, dry skin over a well-perfused muscle, close to the surgical site
Mengapa ini jawapannya
The pad returns the current safely. Good contact over a well-perfused muscle prevents burns, while bony areas, scars, hair and moisture reduce contact and can cause burns at the pad site.
Jawapan
D · On clean, dry skin over a well-perfused muscle, close to the surgical site
2.Kawalan jangkitan & keselamatan pesakit
Jawapan: D · Finding the system and process weaknesses that allowed the error
Mengapa ini jawapannya
A root cause analysis looks beyond the individual to the system factors, such as storage, labeling, staffing or workflow, that allowed the error. The aim is to change the system so the error cannot happen again.
Jawapan
D · Finding the system and process weaknesses that allowed the error
3.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: A · From the length of the forearm (ulna)
Mengapa ini jawapannya
MUST includes tables that estimate height from ulna length when the patient cannot stand. Self-reported height can also be used if it is reliable.
Jawapan
A · From the length of the forearm (ulna)
4.Asas kejururawatan
Jawapan: C · Late doses can cause severe stiffness, falls and swallowing problems
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Levodopa wears off quickly, and delays can cause rigidity, falls, swallowing difficulty and aspiration. It is a time-critical medicine in hospital.
Jawapan
C · Late doses can cause severe stiffness, falls and swallowing problems
5.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: A · Ergosterol terdapat dalam membran sel kulat tetapi tidak dalam sel manusia
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Membran kulat mengandungi ergosterol, manakala membran manusia mengandungi kolesterol. Azol menyekat sintesis ergosterol dan amfoterisin mengikat ergosterol, maka ia menyasarkan kulat secara selektif.
Jawapan
A · Ergosterol terdapat dalam membran sel kulat tetapi tidak dalam sel manusia
6.Mikrobiologi
Jawapan: A · Tidak mengandungi asid nukleik dan terdiri daripada protein yang salah lipat
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Prion ialah protein yang salah lipat yang mendorong protein normal untuk salah lipat. Ia tidak mengandungi DNA atau RNA dan sangat tahan terhadap pensterilan piawai.
Jawapan
A · Tidak mengandungi asid nukleik dan terdiri daripada protein yang salah lipat