1.Perubatan-pembedahan: kardiovaskular & respiratoriSederhana
Vaksinasi manakah yang biasanya disyorkan untuk orang dengan COPD?
- ADos penggalak tetanus tahunan sahaja
- BVaksin BCG setiap lima tahun
- CTiada vaksin langsung, kerana ia diketahui mencetuskan eksaserbasi
- DVaksinasi influenza tahunan dan pneumokokus
2.Perubatan-pembedahan: kardiovaskular & respiratoriSukar
The monitor of a patient with a permanent pacemaker shows pacing spikes, but none of them is followed by a QRS complex. What does this mean?
- ANormal pacemaker function
- BFailure to sense
- CAtrial fibrillation
- DFailure to capture
3.Perubatan-pembedahan: neurologi, endokrin & renalSederhana
A patient with gout has recurrent uric acid kidney stones. Which treatment helps prevent them?
- ACalcium tablets and a low-fluid diet
- BVitamin C supplements and a high-meat diet
- CRestricting fluids in the evening only
- DAllopurinol and making the urine less acidic
4.Perubatan-pembedahan: neurologi, endokrin & renalSukar
A patient on warfarin starts levothyroxine for hypothyroidism. What should the nurse expect to monitor more closely?
- AThe urine output, because it may stop
- BThe blood glucose, because it may fall
- CThe potassium, because it may rise
- DThe INR, because it may rise
5.Perubatan-pembedahan: GI, perioperatif & onkologiSederhana
Dysphagia that started with solids and now includes liquids, with weight loss, most suggests which cause?
- ANormal ageing of the swallowing muscles
- BA dry mouth from drinking too little water
- CA narrowing such as an oesophageal tumour
- DSimple anxiety about swallowing tablets
6.Perubatan-pembedahan: GI, perioperatif & onkologiSukar
A patient with lung cancer becomes hypotensive and breathless, with distended neck veins and quiet heart sounds. What should the nurse suspect?
- AA side effect of anti-sickness drugs
- BCardiac tamponade from a pericardial effusion
- CHypercalcaemia of malignancy from bone metastases
- DSuperior vena cava obstruction from the tumour
7.Kejururawatan klinikalSederhana
A patient's low potassium does not improve despite potassium replacement. Which other electrolyte should be checked?
- APhosphate
- BSodium
- CChloride
- DMagnesium
8.Kejururawatan klinikalSukar
A patient with an epidural catheter develops new back pain and increasing leg weakness when the block should be wearing off. What should be suspected?
- AAn epidural haematoma or abscess compressing the spinal cord
- BThe normal expected effect of the local anaesthetic
- CMuscle strain from lying in the same position in bed for many hours
- DMild hypokalaemia
9.Nilai makmal & elektrolitSederhana
The heparin infusion rate was changed according to protocol. When is the aPTT usually rechecked?
- AAbout 3 days after the change
- BAbout 30 minutes after the change
- CAbout 6 hours after the change
- DOnly after the infusion is stopped
10.Nilai makmal & elektrolitSukar
Seorang pesakit dengan natrium 132 mEq/L dan glukosa darah 600 mg/dL (33.3 mmol/L) dimasukkan ke hospital. Mengapakah nilai natrium ditafsir dengan berhati-hati?
- AGlukosa tinggi menaikkan natrium yang diukur secara palsu, maka sebenarnya ia lebih rendah
- BGlukosa tinggi menarik air ke dalam darah, mencairkan natrium
- CGlukosa tidak mempunyai kesan pada natrium yang diukur
- DKeputusan natrium mesti ralat makmal
11.Tafsiran gas darah arteriSederhana
Nilai latihan: Na⁺ 144 mmol/L, glukosa 8.8 mmol/L dan urea 8.4 mmol/L. Hitung osmolaliti serum Osm = 2·Na⁺ + glukosa + urea kepada nombor bulat terdekat.
Na⁺ 144 mmol/Lglukosa 8.8 mmol/Lurea 8.4 mmol/L
Osm = mOsm/kg
12.Tafsiran gas darah arteriSukar
Gas latihan menunjukkan alkalosis metabolik dengan HCO₃⁻ 46 mmol/L. Gunakan PaCO₂ yang dijangka = 0.7·HCO₃⁻ + 21 untuk mencari PaCO₂ yang dijangka.
HCO₃⁻ 46 mmol/L
PaCO₂ = mmHg
13.Tafsiran jalur rentak ECGSederhana
Ukur sela QT dan sela R–R pada jalur lead II yang teratur ini, kemudian kira QTc yang dibetulkan mengikut kadar dengan formula Bazett QTc = QT/√RR (kedua-duanya dalam saat). Berikan jawapan dalam saat kepada tiga tempat perpuluhan.
lead II, 25 mm/s, 10 mm/mV1 petak kecil = 0.04 s, 1 petak besar = 0.20 spanjang jalur 6 s
QTc = s
14.Tafsiran jalur rentak ECGSukar
Jalur lead II ini menunjukkan blok AV darjah kedua jenis I (Wenckebach). Berapakah bilangan Gelombang P bagi setiap kumpulan, termasuk yang tidak dikonduksikan (nilai n bagi blok n:(n − 1))?
lead II, 25 mm/s, 10 mm/mV1 petak kecil = 0.04 s, 1 petak besar = 0.20 spanjang jalur 6 s
Gelombang P bagi setiap kumpulan =
15.Pemberian keutamaan & delegasiSederhana
A patient with a spinal cord injury at T4 suddenly has a severe headache, flushing above the injury and a blood pressure of 200/110 mmHg. What does the nurse do first?
- AApply extra blankets to keep the patient warm and calm
- BSit the patient upright with the legs lowered
- CGive a warm drink and recheck the blood pressure in an hour
- DLay the patient flat with the legs raised
16.Pemberian keutamaan & delegasiSukar
The charge nurse overhears four instructions from an RN to a nursing assistant. Which one needs to be corrected?
- A“Check his glucose before lunch and tell me the number straight away.”
- B“Help him wash and change, and tell me at once if you see any red or broken skin.”
- C“Walk him to the bathroom and back, and stay with him the whole time.”
- D“Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”