Hormati hak: pilihan yang paling kurang menyekat, persetujuan dan kerahsiaan beserta hadnya.
2Soalan latihan
1.Kejururawatan kesihatan mentalSederhana
Under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales), a person lacks capacity for a decision if they cannot do which of the following?
AUnderstand, retain and weigh the information, or communicate their decision
BRemember the decision for more than a year afterwards
CRead and write in the language used by the staff
DAgree with the decision that the doctor and the rest of the healthcare team recommend for them
2.Kejururawatan kesihatan mentalSukar
A patient with OCD asks the nurse many times an hour, "Are you sure the door is locked?" What is the most helpful approach in his care plan?
AAnswer once, then follow the agreed plan to limit repeated reassurance
BReassure him every time he asks, as often as he needs
CLock and unlock the door in front of him each time he asks
DTell him firmly that if he asks about the door again, he will lose his privileges on the ward for the day
3.Psikologi klinikalSederhana
Model diatesis–tekanan mencadangkan bahawa gangguan mental timbul daripada:
AGen sahaja
BTekanan sahaja
CKeibubapaan yang buruk sahaja
DKerentanan asas yang digabungkan dengan tekanan persekitaran
4.Psikologi klinikalSukar
Seorang ahli terapi meminta klien menilai bukti yang menyokong dan menentang pemikiran "Saya sentiasa gagal". Teknik manakah ini?
AAsosiasi bebas
BPenyahpekaan sistematik
CPenstrukturan semula kognitif
DEkonomi token
5.FarmakologiSederhana
A patient receives lactulose for hepatic encephalopathy. Which finding shows that it is working?
ATen watery stools a day and a low serum potassium
BNo bowel movement for three days, with less confusion than before
CBetter alertness and orientation, with two to three soft stools a day
DHigher blood ammonia with improved appetite
6.FarmakologiSukar
Isi padu pengagihan sesuatu ubat sangat besar (contohnya 500 L pada orang dewasa). Apakah yang dicadangkan oleh ini?
AUbat itu hampir sepenuhnya kekal dalam petak plasma
BUbat itu cepat dirembeskan oleh buah pinggang
CUbat itu tidak boleh diberi secara intravena
DUbat itu diambil dengan meluas ke dalam tisu
3Larutan
1.Kejururawatan kesihatan mental
Jawapan: A · Understand, retain and weigh the information, or communicate their decision
Mengapa ini jawapannya
The Act's functional test asks whether the person can understand, retain, use or weigh the information, and communicate a decision. Making an unwise decision does not by itself mean a person lacks capacity.
Jawapan
A · Understand, retain and weigh the information, or communicate their decision
2.Kejururawatan kesihatan mental
Jawapan: A · Answer once, then follow the agreed plan to limit repeated reassurance
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Seeking reassurance relieves anxiety only briefly and keeps the OCD cycle going. In line with exposure and response prevention, the team agrees to limit reassurance and support the patient to tolerate the anxiety.
Jawapan
A · Answer once, then follow the agreed plan to limit repeated reassurance
3.Psikologi klinikal
Jawapan: D · Kerentanan asas yang digabungkan dengan tekanan persekitaran
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Model ini berpendapat bahawa kecenderungan (biologi atau psikologi) membawa kepada gangguan hanya apabila dicetuskan oleh tekanan yang mencukupi.
Jawapan
D · Kerentanan asas yang digabungkan dengan tekanan persekitaran
4.Psikologi klinikal
Jawapan: C · Penstrukturan semula kognitif
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Penstrukturan semula kognitif mengenal pasti pemikiran automatik, meneliti bukti dan menggantikan herotan seperti pengitlakan berlebihan dengan pemikiran yang seimbang.
Jawapan
C · Penstrukturan semula kognitif
5.Farmakologi
Jawapan: C · Better alertness and orientation, with two to three soft stools a day
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Lactulose is adjusted to give about two to three soft stools a day and to lower ammonia, improving mental status. Excessive diarrhoea can cause dehydration and electrolyte loss.
Jawapan
C · Better alertness and orientation, with two to three soft stools a day
6.Farmakologi
Jawapan: D · Ubat itu diambil dengan meluas ke dalam tisu
Mengapa ini jawapannya
Vd jauh melebihi jumlah air badan bermakna kepekatan plasma rendah kerana kebanyakan ubat berada dalam tisu (contohnya lemak atau otot), seperti digoksin atau amiodaron.