Lembaran formula, langkah kaedah utama untuk setiap topik dan 16 soalan latihan, dengan penyelesaian penuh di bahagian belakang.
“The lungs contain millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli. Here, oxygen passes into the blood, and carbon dioxide passes out to be breathed away.” What happens in the alveoli?
The author writes: “Every new technology has met resistance. People once feared that trains would make passengers ill. Today, few people fear trains.” What is the author most likely suggesting?
Sebuah rak buku setinggi 7 ft 7 in. Berapa inci x itu?
Gunakan tertib operasi untuk mencari nilai x: x = −3² + 2 × 2.
Salur manakah yang membawa darah beroksigen dari paru-paru ke jantung?
Otot manakah yang merupakan fleksor utama sendi pinggul?
Apakah fungsi utama surfaktan pulmonari?
Pesakit telah mengambil prednisolon dos tinggi selama setahun. Apakah keadaan paksi hipotalamus–pituitari–adrenal?
What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?
Fertiliser washes from farmland into a lake. Algae grow rapidly, then die, and later many fish die. What is the main cause of the fish deaths?
Which coefficients balance __Na + __Cl₂ → __NaCl?
Which approach best reduces a health worker's exposure to ionising radiation?
Which is the correct plural of “mother-in-law”?
Which revision fixes the comma splice by making one clause dependent? “The alarm sounded, the staff moved patients to safety.”
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The old infection control policy is now obsolete.”
Choose the word that best completes the sentence: “The nurse was ___ when checking each dose and never missed a detail.”
Jawapan: C · Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
In the alveoli, oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out. This swap is called gas exchange.
Jawapan: D · Fears about new technology often fade over time.
The train example shows that a fear about a new technology later disappeared, suggesting such fears often fade.
Jawapan: x = 91 in
Penukaran unit: darabkan dengan faktor yang sama dengan 1, ditulis supaya unit lama terbatal: 3 ft × 12 in/1 ft = 36 in. Panjang metrik: 1 km = 1000 m, 1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm, 1 cm = 10 mm. Unit adat AS: 1 ft = 12 in, 1 yd = 3 ft, 1 mi = 5280 ft; 1 gal = 4 qt, 1 qt = 2 pt, 1 pt = 2 cawan; 1 ton = 2000 lb. Masa: 1 h = 60 min, 1 min = 60 s, 1 hari = 24 h, 1 minggu = 7 hari. Unit yang lebih kecil memberikan nombor yang lebih besar.
Jawapan: x = −5
Tertib operasi (PEMDAS/BODMAS): kerjakan yang berada dalam kurungan dahulu, kemudian eksponen (kuasa), kemudian pendaraban dan pembahagian dari kiri ke kanan, dan akhir sekali penambahan dan penolakan dari kiri ke kanan. Pendaraban tidak datang sebelum pembahagian, dan penambahan tidak datang sebelum penolakan: setiap pasangan dikerjakan mengikut urutan kemunculannya. Nombor negatif dalam kurungan mengekalkan tandanya apabila dikuasa duakan: (−3)² = 9, tetapi −3² = −9.
−3² bermaksud −(3²) = −9: eksponen datang sebelum tanda tolak.
Jawapan: A · Vena pulmonari
Empat vena pulmonari mengalirkan darah beroksigen ke dalam atrium kiri. Ia pengecualian utama kepada peraturan bahawa vena membawa darah tanpa oksigen.
Jawapan: C · Iliopsoas
Iliopsoas (psoas major dan iliakus) ialah fleksor pinggul yang paling kuat. Gluteus maksimus mengekstensi pinggul.
Jawapan: D · Untuk mengurangkan tegangan permukaan dalam alveoli
Surfaktan, yang dihasilkan oleh sel alveolar jenis II, merendahkan tegangan permukaan supaya alveoli tidak runtuh dan paru-paru lebih mudah dikembangkan.
Jawapan: A · ACTH ditindas dan korteks adrenal telah mengecut (atrofi)
Glukokortikoid eksogen menindas CRH dan ACTH, maka korteks adrenal atrofi. Menghentikan ubat secara tiba-tiba boleh menyebabkan krisis adrenal, maka ia dikurangkan secara beransur-ansur.
Jawapan: C · It accepts electrons at the end of the transport chain
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. It combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form water. Without oxygen the chain stops, and the cell must rely on glycolysis and fermentation.
Jawapan: A · Bacteria decomposing the dead algae use up the oxygen
This is eutrophication. Extra nutrients cause an algal bloom. When the algae die, bacteria decompose them and use large amounts of dissolved oxygen, so fish suffocate.
Jawapan: C · 2, 1, 2
Cl₂ has two Cl atoms, so 2NaCl is needed, which needs 2Na: 2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl. Each side has 2 Na and 2 Cl.
Jawapan: C · Limit the time near the source, increase the distance and use shielding
The three principles of radiation protection are time (minimise it), distance (maximise it, since intensity falls rapidly with distance) and shielding (such as lead aprons). Gloves alone do not stop penetrating radiation.
Jawapan: B · mothers-in-law
In a hyphenated compound noun, the main word takes the plural: mothers-in-law, passers-by.
Jawapan: C · When the alarm sounded, the staff moved patients to safety.
B, C and D also fix the comma splice, but they keep both clauses independent. Only A adds the subordinating conjunction “when”, which makes the first clause dependent.
Jawapan: B · Out of date
Obsolete means no longer used or out of date.
Jawapan: C · meticulous
Meticulous means showing great attention to detail.
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